Abstract
Very few events, if any, have such a devastating effect from the point of view of structural, economical and human casualties as corrosion. Virtually any metallic material is subjected to corrosion even in a clean air environment. Structures are continuously attacked and sometime even completely demolished by corrosion. The damage caused in the world to metallic structures by corrosion can be assessed in terms of billions of Euro every year. Corrosion is certainly a very complex and many-sided phenomenon hardly tied to a single parameter theory. A first, generic classification divides corrosion into generalized or uniform and localized corrosion. Both are fundamentally electrochemical processes, but while the first affects almost uniformly the entire surface exposed to the corrosive agent, the second attacks the metal locally and selectively. Generalized corrosion is very common in carbon steel where it results in the formation of the so called rust which advances very slowly so that it is effectively dangerous only in very thin materials or very long terms. Localized corrosion, instead, initiates locally, unexpected and once started it proceeds very rapidly along intergranular or transgranular paths to go through the thickness of a work piece in matters of minutes or days, at most. Initiation may last years, but growth is fast. Localized corrosion is a subtle and continuous process in which stresses play a role, which is referred to as stress corrosion or SCC (stress corrosion cracking) or fatigue.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Brown, B.F. (ed.): Stress Corrosion Cracking in High-Strength Steels and in Titanium and Aluminum Alloys. NRL, US Govt. Printing Office (1972)
Barker, H.: Quebec bridge suspended span falls into river in hoisting. Eng. News 76, 524–528 (1916)
Staehle, R.W.: Bases for predicting the earliest penetrations due to SCC for the alloy 600 on the secondary side of steam generators. US NRC NUREG/CR-6737, p. 15 (2001)
Pourbaix, M.: Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions. NACE, Huston, Texas, and Centre Belge d’Etude de la Corrosion (CEBELCOR), Brussels (1974)
Jones, D.A.: Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, pp. 39–70. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York (1992)
Carter, G.F.: Principles of Physical and Chemical Metallurgy, pp. 316–317. American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio (1979)
Smith, W.F.: Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 3rd edn. The McGraw-Hill Co. Inc. (2004)
Davy, H.: Transactions of the Royal Society, 114, 151, 242 and 328 (1824)
Ashworth, V.: Corrosion, vol. 2, 2nd edn (1994)
Fontana, M.G., Greene, N.D.: Corrosion Engineering, 2nd edn, p. 314. McGraw-Hill (1978)
Fontana, M.G., Greene, N.D.: Corrosion Engineering, 2nd edn, p. 321. McGraw-Hill (1978)
Shoesmith, D.W.: Kinetics of aqueous corrosion. In: Corrosion, ASM Handbook, vol. 13 (1987)
Evans, U.R.: J. Inst .Metall. 30, 265, 267 (1923); Corrosion of Metals, Arnold Pb, p. 91 (1926)
Johnson, H.H., Paris, P.C.: Subcritical flaw growth. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1, 3–45 (1968)
Indig, M.E.: EPRI CAC Workshop Presentation. Palo Alto, USA (1979)
Indig, M.E., Weber, J.E., Weinstain, D.: Environmental aspects of carbon steel stress corrosion in high purity water. Rev. Coating Corrosion 5, 173 (1982)
McDonald, D., Smalowska, Z., Pednekar, S.P., Mizumo, I., Choi, H.: EPRI Progress Report Project, t 115-5 (1980)
Shoji, T.: The critical cracking potential of reactor pressure vessel steels in PWR. In: Proceedings of the 3rd IAEA Specialist’s Meeting on Subcritical Crack Growth, vol. 2, pp. 109–116. US NRC NUREG/CP−0112, Moscow (1990)
Ford, F.P., Andersen, P.L.: Stress corrosion cracking of low-alloy pressure vessel steels in 288° C water. In: Proceedings of the Third IAEA Specialists’ Meeting on Subcritical Crack Growth, vol. 2, pp. 37–56. NUREG/CP−0112 (1990)
Ford, F.P., Emig, P.W.: Prediction of the maximum corrosion fatigue crack propagation rate in the low-alloy steels/deoxygenated water system at 288 °C. European/Corrosion Federation Meeting, Munich (September 1984)
Parkins, R.N.: Br. Corrosion J. 14, 5 (1979)
Ambrose, J.R., Kruger, J.: Corrosion 28, 30 (1973)
Tomashou, N.D., Verastinina, L.P.: Electrochemica Acta 15, 501 (1976)
Lees, D.J., Hoar, T.P.: European Federation of Corrosion Electrochemical Methods for Stress Corrosion Cracking. Firmy, France (September 1978)
Hoar, T.P., Jones, R.V.: Corros. Sci. 13, 725 (1973)
Hoar, T.P., Ford, F.P.: J. Electrochem. Soc. 120, 1013 (1973)
Diegle, R.B., Vermilyea, D.A.: J. Electrochem. Soc. 122, 180 (1975)
Combrade, P.: Prediction of environmental crack growth on reactor pressure vessels. EPRI Contract RP 2006-8. Final Report on Task 310-Anodic Dissolution (February 1985)
Ford, F.P.: Electrochemical reaction rates on bare surface and their use in a crack prediction model for the low alloy steels/water system. In: Proceedings of the Second IAEA Specialists’ Meeting on Subcritical Crack Growth, vol. 2, pp. 231–268. NUREG/CP−0067 (1985)
Ford, F.P.: A Mechanism of Environmentally-Controlled Crack-Growth of Structural Steels in High-Temperature Water. Report N. 81CRD125, GE Co., Schenectady, New York (1981)
Ford, F.P.: Overview of collaborative research into the mechanism of environmentally controlled cracking in the low alloy pressure vessel steel/water system. In: Proceedings of the Second IAEA Specialists’ Meeting on Subcritical Crack Growth, vol. 2, pp. 3–71. NUREG/CP−0067 (1985)
PMDA PIRT REPORT-Appendix B.1 (2005)
Newman, J.F.: On the Mechanism of Stress Corrosion of a 3%CrMo Steel in Sodium Hydroxide in the Potential Range −900 to −650 mV Hg/HgO. Central Electricity Research Lab, Report RD/L/N78/75 (1975)
Newman, J.F.: The application of a film rupture mechanism to stress-corrosion of a 3% CrMo steel in sodium hydroxide in the potential range −900 to −650 mV Hg/HgO. In: Proceedings of Conference Mechanisms of Environmental Sensitive Cracking in Materials, p. 19. University of Surrey, April 4–7 (1977)
Scully, J.: Corros. Sci. 15, 207 (1975)
Vermilyea D.A.: Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron-Based Ally, p. 208. Firminy, France (1973) (Strahle, R.W., Hochmann, J., McCright, R.D., Slater, J.E. (Eds.) NACE Huston Publication, 1977)
Ford, F.P.: A mechanism of environmentally-controlled crack-growth of structural steels in high-temperature water. In: Proceedings of the IAEA Specialists’ Meeting on Subcritical Crack Growth, vol. 2, pp. 249–294. NUREG/CP−0044 (1981)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Milella, P.P. (2024). Corrosion. In: Fatigue and Corrosion in Metals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51350-3_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51350-3_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-51349-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-51350-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)