Abstract
Since the 1952 military putsch in Egypt, Africa has witnessed 214 military coup attempts. Out of these, 104 were successful while 108 failed. Most of the coups were consequent upon the fragile colonial state and governing structures bequeathed on African countries. This chapter takes a historical excursion into the era of military coups and government in Africa since 1952. While colonialism and the nature of decolonisation prepared the context for political instability, post-independent African states were victims of internal socio-political rivalries among the political and military elites. This development, fuelled by the attitudinal disposition of the elites to state power, has remained a defining feature of African governance. The chapter submits that while successive military regimes failed to correct the mistakes of their predecessors, the civilian regimes that succeeded military autocracy continued to falter in the promotion of good governance.
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Notes
- 1.
Please see Appendix 1 for a full compilation of military coups—both successful and unsuccessful.
- 2.
A palace coup represents a coup d’état carried out by officers who were already part of the group in power before the coup.
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Appendix 1: List of Military Interventions, Successful and Failed Attempts, in Africa since 1952
Appendix 1: List of Military Interventions, Successful and Failed Attempts, in Africa since 1952
Date | Country | Nature |
|---|---|---|
23-07-1952 | Egypt | Egyptian Free Officers Movement, led by Mohammed Naguib and General Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein, removed King Farouk in a bloodless coup, otherwise termed the Egyptian Revolution, that changed the country’s status from a kingdom to a republic |
27-02-1954 | Egypt | General Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein took over power from General Mohammed Naguib. This followed a failed attempt, by a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, on the life of Nasser. He cracked down on the organisation, put President Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office |
18-08-1955 | Sudan | There was an attempted coup, backed by the military |
17-11-1958 | Sudan | General Ibrahim Abboud led 4000 troops to occupy Khartoum and oust the Prime Minister, Abdullah Bey Khalil, who initiated the coup |
21-05-1959 | Sudan | There was an attempted coup |
09-11-1959 | Sudan | There was an attempted coup, backed by the military |
14-09-1960 | Congo | Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu Sese Seko led a military coup to remove the Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba |
14-12-1960 | Ethiopia | There was an attempted coup, backed by the military |
10-12-1961 | Somalia | There was an attempted coup, backed by the military |
14-12-1961 | Ethiopia | There was an attempted coup |
17-12-1962 | Senegal | There was an attempted coup |
13-01-1963 | Togo | Togolese President Sylvanus Olympio was assassinated by the military, which installed Nicholas Grunitzky |
15-08-1963 | Congo | The military forced President Abbe Fulbert Youlou to resign, and then installed Alphonse Massemba-Debat |
23-10-1963 | Benin Republic | Colonel Christophe Soglo seized power upon the resignation of President Hubert Maga |
30-06-1964 | Algeria | There was an attempted coup, backed by the military |
19-06-1965 | Algeria | There was an attempted coup, backed by the military |
18-10-1965 | Burundi | There was an attempted coup. The leader was injured in the coup |
25-11-1965 | Congo | General Joseph Mobutu Sese Seko took over power upon the removal of President Joseph Kasavubu and Prime Minister Evariste Kimba |
29-11-1965 | Benin Republic | The deposed leader, President Sourou-Migan Apithy, was jailed but fled the country. The coup was one of eight carried out in Benin, then called Dahomey, between 1963 and 1975. Since then, the country has experienced no coups |
22-12-1965 | Benin Republic | General Soglo appointed himself Head of State upon the dismissal of the government |
01-01-1966 | Central African Republic (CAR) | Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa overthrew the government of President David Dacko |
03-01-1966 | Burkina Faso | Colonel Sangoulé Lamizana ousted President Maurice Yameogo |
15-01-1966 | Nigeria | Young military officers in a putsch sacked the government and general Aguiyi Ironsi became the Head of State |
22-02-1966 | Uganda | Prime Minister Milton Obote, with the support of the military and police, removed the president and arrested opponents and military officers |
24-02-1966 | Ghana | Major-General Joseph Ankrah was appointed the Head of State upon the successful coup that ousted President Kwame Nkrumah |
27-6-1966 | Congo | On 27 June 1966 there was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup. |
08-07-1966 | Burundi | Captain Michel Micombero helped Prince Charles Ndizeye to replace his father as Head of State |
29-07-1966 | Nigeria | A bloody counter-coup that led to the death of Ironsi and replaced him with Lieutenant-Colonel Yakubu Gowon |
28-11-1966 | Burundi | Captain Michel Micombero deposed King Ntare V, became the president, and abolished monarchy |
18-12-1966 | Sudan | There was an attempted coup |
28-12-1966 | Sudan | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
13-01-1967 | Togo | Lieutenant-Colonel Etienne Eyadema overthrew president Nicholas Grunitzky |
21-03-1967 | Sierra Leone | Brigadier David Lansana led a coup that ousted President Siaka Stevens and installed Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Juxton-Smith |
17-04-1967 | Ghana | There was an attempted military coup |
14-12-1967 | Algeria | There was an attempted military coup |
17-12-1967 | Benin Republic | Major Mathieu Kerekou and Colonel Maurice Kouandete removed President Soglo and installed Colonel Alphonse Alley as Head of State |
18-04-1968 | Sierra Leone | Military Officers removed Colonel Juxton-Smith and restored President Siaka Stevens to power |
03-08-1968 | Congo | Captain Marien Ngouabi ousted President Massemba-Debat and appointed Lieutenant A. Poignet as Head of State |
04-09-1968 | Congo | There was a successful coup, which occurred a month after an attempted coup. The military-backed coup was led by Marien Ngouabi, who assumed the presidency on 1 January 1969 and held power for the next eight years until he was assassinated |
02-09-1968 | Congo | Captain Marien Ngouabi removed the president and installed Alfred Raoul as interim president |
19-11-1968 | Mali | Lieutenant Moussa Traore led the coup that ousted President Modibo Keita |
05-03-1969 | Equatorial Guinea | There was an attempted coup |
25-05-1969 | Sudan | Colonel Gaafar al-Nimeiry removed Prime Minister Mahgoub |
01-09-1969 | Libya | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup. The deposed leader, King Idris I, fled the country in the coup |
08-11-1969 | Congo | There was an attempted coup |
21-10-1969 | Somalia | Major-General Siad Barre appointed as Head of State following the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermake |
10-12-1969 | Benin | Lieutenant-Colonel Maurice Kouandete overthrew the government of President Emile Derlin Zinsou |
22-03-1970 | Congo | On 22 March 1970, there was a military-backed attempted coup |
25-01-1971 | Uganda | General Idi Amin overthrew the government of President Milton Obote |
10-07-1971 | Morocco | There was a military-backed attempted coup with the aid of foreign powers. King Hassam II of Morocco was temporarily placed under house arrest before he retook control. More than 90 people were killed in the attempted coup and the king’s brother, Moulay Abdullah, was one of dozens who were injured |
19-07-1971 | Sudan | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
13-01-1972 | Ghana | Colonel Ignatius K. Acheampong overthrew the government of Prime Minister Kofi Busia |
22-02-1972 | Congo | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
23-02-1972 | Benin Republic | There was a military-backed attempted coup |
18-05-1972 | Madagascar | The military forced President Philibert Tsiranana to resign, and appointed General Gabriel Ramanantsoa as Head of State |
16-08-1972 | Morocco | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
26-10-1972 | Benin | Major Mathieu Kerekou assumed power upon the removal of President Justin Ahbadegbe |
05-07-1973 | Rwanda | Major-General Juvenal Habyalimana overthrew the Government of President Gregoire Kayibanda, who was killed in the coup |
08-02-1974 | Burkina Faso | President Sangoulé Lamizana, with the support of the military, disbanded the government, suspended the constitution, and seized power |
17-02-1974 | Gabon | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup. The leader was jailed in the coup |
23-03-1974 | Uganda | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
15-04-1974 | Niger | A bloody coup led by Lieutenant-Colonel Seyni Kountche overthrew the regime of President Hamani Diori |
12-09-1974 | Ethiopia | The military, led by Lieutenant-General Aman Michael Anoom, removed Emperor Haile Selassie |
11-11-1974 | Uganda | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
31-12-1974 | Madagascar | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
21-01-1975 | Benin Republic | There was a military-backed attempted coup. It was one of eight coups—attempted or successful—carried out in Benin, then called Dahomey, between 1963 and 1975. Since then, the country has experienced no coups |
05-02-1975 | Madagascar | Major-General Gabriel Ramanantsoa succeeded President Philibert Tsiranana in 18 May 1972, upon his resignation because of anti-government demonstrations. He survived a failed coup on 31 December 1974. On 5 February 1975, he handed over power to Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Ratsimandrava, who was assassinated six days later |
13-04-1975 | Chad | General Noel Odingar overthrew President N’Garta Tombalbaye |
29-07-1975 | Nigeria | General Yakubu Gowon was removed in a palace coup and Brigadier Murtala Mohammed replaced him as Head of State |
03-08-1975 | Comoros | Ali Soilih, a civilian, deposed President Said Mohamed Jaffar, with the help of Robert Denard, a mercenary. He officially became President of the Revolutionary Council on 1 January 1976 |
05-08-1975 | Libya | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
05-09-1975 | Sudan | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
17-12-1975 | Mozambique | There was an attempted coup |
05-02-1976 | CAR | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
13-02-1976 | Nigeria | A failed but bloody palace coup led by Major Dimka led to the death of General Mohammed, while General Olusegun Obasanjo became the Head of State |
15-03-1976 | Niger | On 15 March 1976, there was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
02-07-1976 | Sudan | There was a rebel-backed attempted coup with the aid of foreign powers |
1-11-1976 | Burundi | Lieutenant-Colonel Jean-Baptiste Bagaza removed Lieutenant-General Michel Micombero as Head of State |
03-02-1977 | Sudan | On 3 February 1977, there was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
03-02-1977 | Ethiopia | On 3 February 1977, there was a successful coup led by Mengistu Haile Mariam |
01-04-1977 | Chad | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
27-05-1977 | Angola | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
04-06-1977 | Seychelles | President James Mancham was removed, with the assistance of the military and police, in a coup led by Prime Minister France-Albert Rene, who ruled from 1977 to 2004 |
15-02-1978 | Mali | There was a military-backed attempted coup |
09-04-1978 | Somalia | There was an attempted coup |
13-05-1978 | Comoros | President Ali Soilih was removed by an alliance of politicians and soldiers under the leadership of Robert Denard, and succeeded by Ahmed Abdallah. He was later killed on 29 May 1978 |
05-07-1978 | Ghana | General Ignatius Acheampong was forced to resign and was replaced by Lieutenant-General Frederick Akuffo |
10-07-1978 | Mauritania | Lieutenant-Colonel Mustapha Salek overthrew President Ould Daddah |
03-08-1978 | Equatorial Guinea | There was a successful military-backed coup. Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo overthrew his uncle, President Francisco Macías Nguema, and would go on to hold power for over four decades. Lieutenant-Colonel Teodoro Nguema Mbasogo overthrew President Macias Nguema Masie |
20-09-1978 | Central African Republic (CAR) | The military deposed Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa and reinstalled former President David Dacko |
11-04-1979 | Uganda | Field Marshal Idi Amin removed from power |
15-05-1979 | Ghana | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
04-06-1979 | Ghana | Flight-Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings became the Head of State in a palace coup against Lieutenant-General Frederick Akuffo |
04-01-1980 | Mauritania | Lieutenant-Colonel Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla overthrew President Mustapha Salek |
12-04-1980 | Liberia | Master Sergeant Samuel K. Doe led a coup that killed President William R. Tolbert |
11-05-1980 | Uganda | Mutinous soldiers removed President Godfrey Binaisa and restored President Milton Obote to power |
16-10-1980 | Zambia | There was a military-backed attempted coup with the aid of foreign powers |
14-11-1980 | Guinea-Bissau | The military removed President Luis Cabral and installed the Prime Minister, Major Joao Vieira, as President |
25-11-1980 | Burkina Faso | Colonel Saye Zerbo overthrew President Sangoulé Lamizana |
29-07-1981 | The Gambia | On 29 July 1981, there was a rebel-backed attempted coup |
01-09-1981 | Central African Republic (CAR) | General Andre Kolingba overthrew President David Dacko |
31-12-1981 | Ghana | Flight-Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings overthrew President Hilla Limann |
06-02-1982 | Mauritania | There was an attempted coup |
01-08-1982 | Kenya | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
07-11-1982 | Burkina Faso | A bloody coup led by Major Jean-Baptist Ouedraogo ousted Colonel Saye Zerbo |
23-11-1982 | Ghana | There was an attempted coup |
04-08-1983 | Burkina Faso | Captain Thomas Sankara led a coup that toppled Major Jean-Baptist Ouedraogo |
09-06-1983 | Ghana | There was an attempted coup |
10-08-1983 | Eswatini | There was a successful coup in Eswatini, then known as Swaziland. Coup leaders deposed Queen Regent Dzeliwe, one of the many wives of King Sobhuza II. Queen Regent Dzeliwe had been in power for less than a year following the death of her husband when coup leaders installed Queen Regent Ntfombi, whose young son, Prince Makhosetive, was later crowned King Mswati III |
05-10-1983 | Niger | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
31-12-1983 | Nigeria | Major-General Mohammed Buhari deposed Alhaji Sheu Shagari in a bloodless coup |
23-03-1984 | Ghana | There was an attempted coup |
03-04-1984 | Guinea | Colonel Lansana Conte seized power upon the death of President Sekou Toure |
06-04-1984 | Cameroon | Bloody attempted coup aimed at President Paul Biya |
12-12-1984 | Mauritania | There was a successful coup. The deposed leader, President Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla, was jailed in the coup |
01-04-1985 | Liberia | On 1 April 1985, there was an attempted coup |
06-04-1985 | Sudan | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup |
04-07-1985 | Guinea | There was an attempted coup |
27-07-1985 | Uganda | There was a successful military-backed coup. The deposed leader, President Milton Obote, fled the country in the coup. It was the second time Obote had been overthrown, having been ousted in a coup led by Idi Amin in 1971 |
27-08-1985 | Nigeria | General Babangida toppled General Buhari in a palace coup |
12-11-1985 | Liberia | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
20-01-1986 | Lesotho | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup. The deposed leader, Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan, was placed under house arrest in the coup |
03-09-1987 | Burundi | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup |
07-11-1987 | Tunisia | There was a successful coup |
01-04-1989 | Chad | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
16-05-1989 | Ethiopia | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup. Twelve senior military officers linked to the attempt were subsequently executed |
30-06-1989 | Sudan | There was a successful coup led by Brigadier General Omar al-Bashir. It was a military-backed coup. The deposed leader, Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi, was placed under house arrest in the coup |
22-04-1990 | Nigeria | Failed palace coup led by Major Gideon Orkar |
30-06-1990 | Zambia | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
02-12-1990 | Chad | Idriss Déby Itno ousted president Hissene Habre |
26-03-1991 | Mali | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup. The deposed leader, President Moussa Traoré, was jailed in the coup |
30-04-1991 | Lesotho | There was a successful coup |
14-07-1991 | Mali | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
01-10-1991 | Togo | There was a military-backed attempted coup |
07-10-1991 | Togo | There was an attempted coup |
13-10-1991 | Chad | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
28-11-1991 | Togo | There was a military-backed attempted coup |
15-12-1991 | Togo | There was a military-backed attempted coup |
11-01-1992 | Algeria | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup |
29-07-1992 | Madagascar | There was a military-backed attempted coup |
27-01-1993 | Chad | There was an attempted coup |
03-07-1993 | Burundi | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
21-10-1993 | Burundi | There was an attempted military-backed coup. It resulted in the assassination of President Melchior Ndadaye, but the coup failed and left Prime Minister Sylvie Kinigi in charge of the government. The attack helped to trigger a ten-year civil war that left an estimated 300,000 people dead |
23-10-1993 | Libya | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
17-11-1993 | Nigeria | General Sanni Abacha displaced the Interim National Government and took over power |
07-04-1994 | Rwanda | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup. The deposed leader, President Juvénal Habyarimana, was killed in the coup |
23-07-1994 | The Gambia | There was a successful military-backed coup. The deposed leader, President Dawda Jawara, fled the country |
17-08-1994 | Lesotho | There was a successful coup |
15-09-1994 | Liberia | There was an attempted coup. It was a rebel-backed coup |
11-11-1994 | The Gambia | There was a military-backed attempted coup |
15-08-1995 | Sao Tome and Principe | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup. The leader was jailed in the coup |
27-01-1996 | Niger | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup. The deposed leader, President Mahamane Ousmane, was placed under house arrest and jailed in the coup |
02-02-1996 | Guinea | There was an attempted military coup |
25-07-1996 | Burundi | The army launched a coup, ousting President Sylvestre Ntibantunganya. There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup |
28-10-1997 | Zambia | There was an attempted military coup |
07-06-1999 | Guinea-Bissau | There was an attempted military coup |
08-04-1999 | Niger | On 9 April 1999, there was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup. The deposed leader, President Ibrahim Bare Mainassar, was killed in the coup |
07-05-1999 | Guinea-Bissau | Soldiers toppled President Vieira There was a military- and rebel-backed successful coup. The deposed leader, President João Bernardo Vieira, fled the country |
24-12-1999 | Cote d’Ivoire | Cote D’Ivoire experienced its first successful military intervention when General Robert Guei led the coup that toppled the regime of President Henri Konan Bédié |
18-09-2000 | Cote d’Ivoire | There was an attempted military coup |
23-11-2003 | Guinea Bissau | There was an attempted military coup |
07-12-2000 | Djibouti | There was an attempted coup backed by a faction of the police force following the firing of the country’s police chief |
06-01-2001 | Cote d’ Ivoire | On 6 January2001, there was an attempted coup backed by foreign powers |
18-04-2001 | Burundi | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
28-03-2001 | CAR | There was an attempted coup. It was a rebel-backed coup |
22-07-2001 | Burundi | There was an attempted coup |
17-03-2009 | Madagascar | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup. The deposed leader, President Marc Ravalomanana, was forced into exile in the coup |
19-09-2002 | Cote d’ Ivoire | There was an attempted military coup |
15-03-2003 | CAR | There was a successful military- and rebel-backed coup |
08-06-2003 | Mauritania | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
16-07-2003 | Sao Tome and Principe | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup. President Fradique de Menezes, who was in Nigeria at the time of the military takeover, returned to Sao Tome a week later and was reinstated as president after striking a deal with the coup leaders. Amnesty was given to those who carried out the coup |
14-09-2003 | Guinea-Bissau | General Verissimo Correia Seabra led a coup that removed President Kumba Yala |
28-03-2004 | DRC | There was an attempted military coup |
11-06-2004 | DRC | There was an attempted military coup |
05-02-2005 | Togo | There was a successful coup. It was a military-back coup. Following the death of longtime leader President Gnassingbe Eyadema, the army put his son, Faure Gnassingbe, in power |
03-08-2005 | Mauritania | There was a successful military coup. The deposed leader, President Maaouya Ould Sid’Ahmed Taya, was forced into exile |
13-03-2006 | Chad | There was a military-backed attempted coup in which army defectors plotted to shoot down President Idriss Déby’s plane |
06-08-2008 | Mauritania | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup. The deposed leader, President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, was jailed in the coup |
07-08-2008 | Guinea Bissau | Failed attempted coup led by Rear Admiral Bubo Na Tchuto |
23-11-2008 | Guinea Bissau | There was an attempted military coup |
23-12-2008 | Guinea | There was a successful coup. Following the death of longtime leader Lansana Conte, a military-backed junta headed by Captain Moussa “Dadis” Camera took power |
02-03-2009 | Guinea Bissau | Soldiers killed President João Bernardo Vieira in retaliation for the killing of the head of the joint chief of staff, General Tagme Na Waie, on 1 March 2009 |
18-02-2010 | Niger | There was a successful military coup. The deposed leader, President Mamadou Tandja, was jailed in the coup |
01-04-2010 | Guinea Bissau | There was an attempted military coup |
17-11-2010 | Madagascar | There was an attempted military coup |
11-02-2011 | Egypt | There was a successful military-backed coup following mass protests. The deposed leader, Hosni Mubarak, was jailed |
19-07-2011 | Guinea | There was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
21-03-2012 | Mali | Mutinous soldiers, led by Amadou Sanogo, announced a coup to oust President Amadou Toumani Touré |
12-04-2012 | Guinea Bissau | Failed attempted coup There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup. The deposed leader, Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Junior, was jailed and forced into exile in the coup |
01-05-2012 | Mali | On 1 May 2012, there was an attempted coup. It was a military-backed coup |
22-11-2012 | Sudan | There was a military-backed attempted coup |
03-07-2013 | Egypt | Egyptian army chief General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi led a coalition to remove the democratically elected President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi from power and suspended the Egyptian constitution of 2012 |
30-08-2014 | Lesotho | There was an attempted military coup. It was a military-backed coup |
13-05-2015 | Burundi | There was an attempted coup against President Pierre Nkurunziza. It was a military-backed coup |
15-11-2017 | Zimbabwe | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup. The deposed leader, President Robert Mugabe, was jailed in the coup |
11-04-2019 | Sudan | There was a successful coup. It was a military-backed coup. The deposed leader, President Omar al-Bashir, was placed under house arrest in the coup |
18-08-2020 | Mali | Colonel Assimi Goita led a coup that overthrew President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita |
31-03-2021 | Niger | A military unit unsuccessfully tried to seize the presidential palace in Niger’s capital, Niamey |
24-05-2021 | Mali | Colonel Assimi Goita displaced the transition government and grabbed power |
21-04-2021 | Chad | Mahamat Déby Itno succeeded his father, Idriss Déby, who was killed. A military council took control of the government following the battlefield death of President Idriss Déby. The council was run by Déby’s son, Mahamat Idriss Déby |
05-09-2021 | Guinea | Mamady Doumbouya led a coup that ousted President Alpha Condé |
21-09-2021 | Sudan | A group of Sudanese military officers and soldiers attempted to overthrow the government but failed to take control |
25-10-2021 | Sudan | General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan led a coup to overthrow Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok |
25-01-2022 | Burkina Faso | Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba led the coup that ousted President Roch Marc Christian Kabore |
01-02-2022 | Guinea-Bissau | Bloody but failed coup |
30-09-2022 | Burkina Faso | Captain Ibrahim Traoré staged another coup and deposed Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba |
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Fagbadebo, O. (2024). Historicising Coup d’etats in Africa. In: Akinola, A. (eds) The Resurgence of Military Coups and Democratic Relapse in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51019-9_2
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