Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pentachlorophenol (PCP): Its Salts and Esters

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pollutants of Global Concern

  • 49 Accesses

Abstract

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is the most toxic compound of the chlorophenols family tested yet and falls under the category of Persistent Organic Compound. In the seventh Conference of Parties (COP) meeting held during 4–15 May 2015, the chemical Pentachlorophenol was added to the POPs list along with two other chemicals Polychlorinated Naphthalene and Hexachlorobutadiene. India has also banned PCP and its salts from production, import and further, Central Insecticides Board and Registration (CIBR) have already banned its use in agriculture in 1998. Several scientific studies have reported detection of PCP and its metabolites in different environmental matrix, namely, air, soil, water and its sediments. The routes of exposure established in human beings is through foul air, contaminated water, food or through dermal contact to PCP-coated products. Although, due to restricted use chances of exposure lessen but occupational exposure at manufacturing units cannot be denied. Significant concentrations of PCP have been detected in umbilical cord, spinal cord, blood plasma and serum in communities of different age group and the details of various related aspects have been dealt in detail in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agramunt, M., Domingo, A., Domingo, J. L., & Corbella, J. (2003). Monitoring internal exposure to metals and organic substances in workers at a hazardous waste incinerator after 3 years of operation. Toxicology Letters, 146(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.09.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn, Y. B., Liu, F., Fennell, D. E., & Haggblom, M. M. (2008). Biostimulation and bioaugmentation to enhance dechlorination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in contaminated sediments. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 66, 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00557.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, H. A., Falk, C., Hanrahan, L., Olson, J., Burse, V. W., Needham, L., Paschal, D., Patterson, D., Hill, R. H., & The Great Lakes Consortium. (1998). Profiles of great lakes critical pollutants: A sentinel analysis of human blood and urine. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106(5), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.2307/3434016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angerer, J., Heinzow, B., Reimann, D. O., Knorz, W., & Lehnert, G. (1992). Internal exposure to organic substances in a municipal waste incinerator. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 64(4), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR. (2001). Toxicological profile for pentachlorophenol. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Available from http://www​.atsdr.cdc​.gov/toxprofiles/tp51.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Atuma, S. S., & Okor, D. I. (1985). Gas chromatographic determination of pentachlorophenol in human blood and urine. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 35(3), 406–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01636530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bader, M., Zimmer, H., & Triebig, G. (2007). Urinary pentachlorophenol in painters and bricklayers in a four-years time interval after the PCP prohibition ordinance in Germany. Industrial Health, 45(2), 338–342. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.45.338

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauchinger, M., Dresp, J., Schmid, E., & Hauf, R. (1982). Chromosome changes in lymphocytes after occupational exposure to pentachlorophenol (PCP). Mutation Research, 102(1), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(82)90148-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Begley, J., Reichert, E. L., Rashad, M. N., Klemmer, H. W., & Siemsen, A. W. (1977). Association between renal function tests and pentachlorophenol exposure. Clinical Toxicology, 11(1), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563657708989823. PMID: 872545.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, G. S., Obel, J., Deych, E., Lapinski, R., Godbold, J., Liu, Z., et al. (2003). Exposure to indoor pesticides during pregnancy in a multiethnic, urban cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(1), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binh, N. D., Imsapsangworn, C., Kim Oanh, N. T., Parkpian, P., Karstensen, K., Giao, P. H., & DeLaune, R. D. (2016). Sequential anaerobic-aerobic biodegradation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD contaminated soil in the presence of CMC-coated nZVI and surfactant. Environmental Technology, 37, 388–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1070918

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CAREX Canada. (2009). Pentachlorophenol. Profile. CAREX Canada. Available from http://www​.carexcanada​.ca/en/pentachlorophenol/

    Google Scholar 

  • Casarett, L. J., Bevenue, A., Yauger, W. L., Jr., & Whalen, S. A. (1969). Observations on pentachlorophenol in human blood and urine. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 30(4), 360–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/00028896909343138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castorina, R., Bradman, A., Fenster, L., Barr, D. B., Bravo, R., Vedar, M. G., et al. (2010). Comparison of current-use pesticide and other toxicant urinary metabolite levels among pregnant women in the CHAMACOS cohort and NHANES. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(6), 856–863. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901568

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2014, August). Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals, updated tables. Available online http://www.cdc.gov/exposure report/pdf/fourth report_updatedtables_aug2014.pdf. Accessed 11 Oct 2023.

  • Chen, W.-Y., Wu, J.-H., Lin, S.-C., & Chang, J.-E. (2016). Bioremediation of polychlorinated-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans contaminated soil using simulated compost-amended landfill reactors under hypoxic conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 312, 159–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W. Y., Wu, J. H., Lin, Y. Y., Huang, H. J., & Chang, J. E. (2013). Bioremediation potential of soil contaminated with highly substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: Microcosm study and microbial community analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 261, 351–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cline, R. E., Hill, R. H., Jr., Phillips, D. L., & Needham, L. L. (1989). Pentachlorophenol measurements in body fluids of people in log homes and workplaces. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 18(4), 475–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colosio, C., Maroni, M., Barcellini, W., Meroni, P., Alcini, D., Colombi, A., et al. (1993). Toxicological and immune findings in workers exposed to pentachlorophenol (PCP). Archives of Environmental Health, 48(2), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1993.9938399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, G. S., & Jones, S. (2008). Pentachlorophenol and cancer risk: Focusing the lens on specific chlorophenols and contaminants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 1001–1008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domingo, J. L., Schuhmacher, M., Agramunt, M. C., Müller, L., & Neugebauer, F. (2001). Levels of metals and organic substances in blood and urine of workers at a new hazardous waste incinerator. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 74(4), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200000217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisler, R. (1989). Pentachlorophenol hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review. U.S. Fish and. Wildlife Service Biological Report, 85(1.17), 72 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Embree, V., Enarson, D. A., Chan-Yeung, M., DyBuncio, A., Dennis, R., & Leach, J. (1984). Occupational exposure to chlorophenates: Toxicology and respiratory effects. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology, 22(4), 317–329. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563658408992563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EPA. (2010). Toxicological review of pentachlorophenol (CAS No. 87-86-5). In In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). United States Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, Y., Gao, X., Zha, J., Ning, B., Li, X., Gao, Z., & Chao, F. (2010). Identification of differential hepatic proteins in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to pentachlorophenol (PCP) by proteomic analysis. Toxicology Letters, 199(1), 69–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, A. J., Vieira, D. N., Marques, E. P., & Pedro, I. S. (1997). Occupational exposure to pentachlorophenol: The Portuguese situation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 837(1), 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb56881.x. PMID: 9472347.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiege, H., Voges, H.-M., Hamamoto, T., Umemura, S., Iwata, T., Miki, H., Fujita, Y., Buysch, H.-J., Garbe, D., & Paulus, W. (2000). Phenol derivatives. In Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a19_313

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Catalán, J., To-Figueras, J, Planas, J., Rodamilans, M., & Corbella, J. (1987). Pentachlorophenol and hexachlorobenzene in serum and urine of the population of Barcelona. Human Toxicology, 6(5), 397–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718700600509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, J., Wu, C., Lv, S., Lu, D., Feng, C., Qi, X., et al. (2016). Associations of prenatal exposure to five chlorophenols with adverse birth outcomes. Environmental Pollution, 214, 478–484.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guvenius, D. M., Aronsson, A., Ekman-Ordeberg, G., Bergman, Ǻ., & Norén, K. (2003). Human prenatal and postnatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorobiphenylols, and pentachlorophenol. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1235–1241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heudorf, U., Letzel, S., Peters, M., & Angerer, J. (2000). PCP in the blood plasma: Current exposure of the population in Germany, based on data obtained in 1998. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 203(2), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1078/S1438-4639(04)70018-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R. H., Jr., Head, S. L., Baker, S., Gregg, M., Shealy, D. B., Bailey, S. L., et al. (1995). Pesticide residues in urine of adults living in the United States: Reference range concentrations. Environmental Research, 71(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1995.1071

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R. H., Jr., To T, Holler, J. S., Fast, D. M., Smith, S. J., Needham, L. L., et al. (1989). Residues of chlorinated phenols and phenoxy acid herbicides in the urine of Arkansas children. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 18(4), 469–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IARC. (1991). Occupational exposures in insecticide application, and some pesticides. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 53, 5–586. Available from http://publications​.iarc.fr/71

    Google Scholar 

  • IARC. (1999). Re-evaluation of some organic chemicals, hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 71, 1–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • IARC. (2019). Pentachlorophenol and Some Related Compounds. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 117, IARC, 2019, ISBN-1

    Google Scholar 

  • INERIS. (2011). Pentachlorophenol. Villeurbanne, France Institut national de l’environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS). Available from https://www​.ineris.fr​/substances/fr/substance​/getDocument/2818

  • Innes, J. R. M., Ulland, B. M., Valerio, M. G., Petrucelli, L., Fishbein, L., Hart, E. R., ... & Peters, J. (1969). Bioassay of pesticides and industrial chemicals for tumorigenicity in mice: a preliminary note. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 42(6), 1101–1114.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCS. (1987). Environmental health criteria no. 71. International Programme on Chemical Safety, WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaspers, C. J., Ewbank, G., McCarthy, A. J., & Penninckx, M. J. (2002). Successive rapid reductive dehalogenation and mineralization of pentachlorophenol by the indigenous microflora of farmyard manure compost. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 92, 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01520.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. D., Winter, D. P., & Cooper, A. J. (1986). Absorption study of pentachlorophenol in persons working with wood preservatives. Human Toxicology, 5(3), 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718600500307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorens, P. G., Janssens, J. J., van Tichelen, W. I., van Paesschen, W., de Deyn, P. P., & Schepens, P. J. (1991). Pentachlorophenol concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid. Neurotoxicology, 12(1), 1–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kao, C. M., Chen, S. C., Liu, J. K., & Wu, M. J. (2001). Evaluation of TCDD biodegradability under different redox conditions. Chemosphere, 44, 1447–1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00464-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kao, C. M., & Wu, M. J. (2000). Enhanced TCDD degradation by Fenton’s reagent preoxidation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 74, 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00161-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klemmer, H. W., Wong, L., Sato, M. M., Reichert, E. L., Korsak, R. J., & Rashad, M. N. (1980). Clinical findings in workers exposed to pentachlorophenol. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 9(6), 715–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari, K., Swamy, S., & Singh, A. (2022). Global monitoring plan on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In Persistent organic pollutants: Gaps in management and associated challenges (1st ed., pp. 227–252). CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutz, F. W., Cook, B. T., Carter-Pokras, O. D., Brody, D., & Murphy, R. S. (1992). Selected pesticide residues and metabolites in urine from a survey of the U.S. general population. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 37(2), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399209531670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laine, M. M., Ahtiainen, J., Wågman, N., Öberg, L. G., & Jørgensen, K. S. (1997). Fate and toxicity of chlorophenols, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans during composting of contaminated sawmill soil. Environmental Science & Technology, 31, 3244–3250. https://doi.org/10.1021/es970233z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laine, M. M., & Jørgensen, K. S. (1997). Effective and safe composting of chlorophenol-contaminated soil in pilot scale. Environmental Science & Technology, 31, 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1021/es960176u

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laine, M. M., & Jørgensen, K. S. (1996). Straw compost and bioremediated soil as inocula for the bioremediation of chlorophenol-contaminated soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62, 1507–1513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Park, J.-W., & Häggblom, M. M. (2014). Enriching for microbial reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environmental Pollution, 184, 222–230.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Echartea, E., Macek, T., Demnerova, K., & Uhlik, O. (2016). Bacterial biotransformation of pentachlorophenol and micropollutants formed during its production process. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), 1146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari, N., Khan, A. A., Ali, A., & Mahmood, R. (2022). Oral administration of pentachlorophenol impairs antioxidant system, inhibits enzymes of brush border membrane, causes DNA damage and histological changes in rat intestine. Toxicol Res (Camb), 11(4):616–627. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfac035. PMID: 36051662

  • Maheshwari, N., Khan, A. A., Mahmood, R. (2023). Pentachlorophenol causes redox imbalance, inhibition of brush border membrane and metabolic enzymes, DNA damage and histological alterations in rat kidney. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 190, 105318, ISSN 0048-3575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105318

  • Mari, M., Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2013). Body burden monitoring of dioxins and other organic substances in workers at a hazardous waste incinerator. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 216(6), 728–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.01.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mari, M., Schuhmacher, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2009). Levels of metals and organic substances in workers at a hazardous waste incinerator: A follow-up study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82(4), 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-008-0350-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McQueen, C. (2017). Comprehensive toxicology. Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikoczy, Z., Schütz, A., & Hagmar, L. (1994). Cancer incidence and mortality among Swedish leather tanners. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51(8), 530–535.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mikoczy, Z., & Hagmar, L. (2005). Cancer incidence in the Swedish leather tanning industry: updated findings 1958–99. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(7), 461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. N., Stratton, G. W., & Murray, G. (2004). Effects of nutrient amendments and temperature on the biodegradation of pentachlorophenol contaminated soil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 151, 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000009903.22105.30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsha, M., Jones, P., & Sobus, J. (2015). Short-term variability and predictors of urinary pentachlorophenol levels in Ohio Preschool Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12, 800–815. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100800

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M. K. (2015). Predictors of urinary levels of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, and pentachlorophenol in 121 adults in Ohio. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 218(5), 479–488.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narihiro, T., Kaiya, S., Futamata, H., & Hiraishi, A. (2010). Removal of polychlorinated dioxins by semi-aerobic fed-batch composting with biostimulation of “Dehalococcoides”. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 109, 249–256.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NPIRS. (2021). Active ingredient information (PC Code: 63001). National Pesticide Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • NTP. (1999). NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of pentachlorophenol (CAS No. 87-86-5) in F344/N rates (feed studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series, 483, 1–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • OSPAR. (2004). Pentachlorophenol. Hazardous substances series. OSPAR Commission 2001 (2004 Update). Committee on the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, A. K. (2015). Histological changes in liver and kidney of cat fish, Heteropneustes fossilis, exposed topentachlorophenol (PCP). Plant Archives, 15(2), 1117–1120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pekari, K., Luotamo, M., Järvisalo, J., Lindroos, L., & Aitio, A. (1991). Urinary excretion of chlorinated phenols in saw-mill workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 63(1), 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00406199. PMID:1856025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RIS. (2001). Research and information system for the non-aligned and other developing countries. In Product standards and trade in environmentally sensitive goods: A study of South Asian experience (pp. 1–19). https://www.ris.org.in/sites/default/files/Publication/dp22_pap.pdf

  • Rylander, C., Lund, E., Frøyland, L., & Sandanger, T. M. (2012). Predictors of PCP, OH-PCBs, PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in a general female Norwegian population. Environment International, 43, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santosh Kr, K., Satya Eswari, J., Rajput, V. D., Kumar. S, & Kumar, A. (2017). Modeling of simultaneous application of vibrio sp. (SK1) and biochar amendment for removal of pentachlorophenol in Soil. Environmental Engineering Science, 551–561. http://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2016.0456

  • Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J. L., Agramunt, M. C., Bocio, A., & Müller, L. (2002). Biological monitoring of metals and organic substances in hazardous-waste incineration workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 75(7), 500–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-002-0340-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, C., Conrad, A., Becker, K., Kolossa-Gehring, M., Seiwert, M., & Seifert, B. (2007). Twenty years of the German Environmental Survey (GerES): Human biomonitoring–temporal and spatial (West Germany/East Germany) differences in population exposure. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 210(3–4), 271–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.034. Accessed 11 Oct 2023.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seifert, B., Becker, K., Helm, D., Krause, C., Schulz, C., & Seiwert, M. (2000). The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): Reference concentrations of selected environmental pollutants in blood, urine, hair, house dust, drinking water and indoor air. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 10, 552–565.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seniori-Costantini, A. S., Paci, E., Miligi, L., Buiatti, E., Martelli, C., & Lenzi, S. (1989). Cancer mortality among workers in the Tuscan tanning industry. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 46(6), 384–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shankar, A., Kongot, M., Saini, V. K., & Kumar, A. (2020). Removal of pentachlorophenol pesticide from aqueous solutions using modified chitosan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13(1), 1821-1830, ISSN 1878–5352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.01.016

  • Sinkkonen, A., Kauppi, S., Simpanen, S., Rantalainen, A. L., Strommer, R., & Romantschuk, M. (2013). Layer of organic pine forest soil on top of chlorophenol-contaminated mineral soil enhances contaminant degradation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20, 1737–1745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1047-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tewari, P. C., Zulifiqar, S., Andrabi, A., Chaudhary, C. B., Shukla, S., Manohar, R., & Avadh, L. (2011). Screening of pentachlorophenol (PCP) degrading bacterial strains isolated from the tannery effluent sludge of Kanpur, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toxic Link. (2018). Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in India: Country situation report (pp. 4–68). https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/POPs%20Country%20Situation%20report.pdf. Assessed 25 Aug 2023.

  • U.S. Public Health Service/Environmental Protection Agency. (1989, December). The toxicological profile for pentachlorophenol. USPHS & USEPA, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/13/Add.3. Risk profile on pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters 2013. www.pops.int

  • United Nations. (2010). Exploration of management options for pentachlorophenol (PCP). Paper for the 8th meeting of the UNECE CLRTAP Task Force on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Montreal, 18–20 May 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA. (2006). Consumer factsheet on: Pentachlorophenol. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 28 November 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., & Oyaizu, H. (2011). Enhanced remediation of dioxins-spiked soil by a plant-microbe system using a dibenzofuran-degrading Comamonas sp. and Trifolium repens L. Chemosphere, 85, 1109–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., & Oyaizu, H. (2009). Evaluation of the phytoremediation potential of four plant species for dibenzofuran-contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168, 760–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (1987). Pentachlorophenol (Environmental health criteria 71). World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1994). Assessing human health risks of chemicals: Derivation of guidance values for health-based exposure limits. World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. L. (1982). Pentachlorophenol: An assessment of the occupational hazard. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 43, 799–810.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, N. K., Chuang, J. C., Morgan, M. K., Lordo, R. A., & Sheldon, L. S. (2007). An observational study of the potential exposures of preschool children to pentachlorophenol, bisphenol-A, and nonylphenol at home and daycare. Environmental Research, 103(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2006.04.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, N. K., Chuang, J. C., Lyu, C. W., Menton, R., & Morgan, M. K. (2003). Aggregate exposures of nine preschool children to persistent organic pollutants at day care and at home. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 13, 187–202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, G., Yu, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Li, H., Yu, M., & Zhao, M. (2011). Response of compost maturity and microbial community composition to pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated soil during composting. Bioresource Technology, 102, 5905–5911.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, W., Yu, H., Wang, X., & Qu, W. (2012). Systematic review of pentachlorophenol occurrence in the environment and in humans in China: Not a negligible health risk due to the re-emergence of schistosomiasis. Environment International, 42, 105–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Kolkata Zonal Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Kanchan Kumari & Rachna Jain

Authors
  1. Kanchan Kumari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rachna Jain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kanchan Kumari .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kumari, K., Jain, R. (2024). Pentachlorophenol (PCP): Its Salts and Esters. In: Pollutants of Global Concern. Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50996-4_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation