Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rodents as Key Hosts of Zoonotic Pathogens and Parasites in the Neotropics

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Ecology of Wildlife Diseases in the Neotropics

Abstract

Rodents thrive across various terrestrial ecosystems due to their adaptability and diverse traits. They also serve as hosts for numerous pathogens, some with significant public health implications like Hanta Virus, Machupo, Leptospira, Lyme Disease, and plague. However, our knowledge of their role in disease transmission remains geographically limited, particularly in the global south. This chapter delves into their role in transmitting pathogens and parasites in Neotropical regions, categorizing transmission as direct (involving human contact) or indirect (via vectors). Species-specific responses to human-induced habitat changes can amplify these roles, elevating human exposure to parasites, pathogens, and vectors that rely on rodents as blood sources. Our investigation uncovered 245 reports of zoonotic pathogens in 130 rodent species, with uneven geographical distribution. Brazil and Mexico have more reports, while Central America and the Caribbean Islands have fewer. We also explore two scenarios of anthropogenic land-use change: landscape fragmentation and agriculture, where rodents play a pivotal role in disease transmission. Changes in land use often lead to increased generalist rodent populations, intensifying zoonotic disease transmission to humans, domestic animals, and livestock. Given the profound impact of human activities on natural ecosystems, further research into the ecology and health implications of Neotropical rodents is indispensable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams JR, Schmidtmann ET, Azad AF (1990) Infection of colonized cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), with a rickettsia-like microorganism. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 43(4):400–409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar PV, Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Ferro C, Haddow AD, Weaver SC (2011) Endemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in the Americas: hidden under the dengue umbrella. Futur Virol 6(6):721–740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albery GF, Becker DJ (2021) Fast-lived hosts and zoonotic risk. Trends Parasitol 37(2):117–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albery GF, Eskew EA, Ross N, Olival KJ (2020) Predicting the global mammalian viral sharing network using phylogeography. Nat Commun 11(1):2260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alevi KCC, de Oliveira J, da Silva RD, Galvão C (2021) Trends in taxonomy of Chagas disease vectors (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): from Linnaean to integrative taxonomy. Pathogens 10(12):1627

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ali AJ, Jones KR (2020) Nutritive value and physical properties of Neo-tropical rodent meat-with emphasis on the Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). Animals 10(11):2134

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Allen T, Murray KA, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Morse SS, Rondinini C, Di Marco M, Breit N, Olival KJ, Daszak P (2017) Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases. Nat Commun 8(1):1124

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida AMPD, Brasil DP, Carvalho FGD, Almeida CRD (1987) Pesquisa de Yersinia pestis em roedores e outros pequenos mamiferos nos focos pestosos do nordeste do Brasil no periodo 1966 a 1982. Rev Saude Publica 21:265–267

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida AMP, Brasil DP, Leal NC, Melo MEBD, Rêgo RVBD, Almeida CRD (1989) Estudos bacteriológicos e sorológicos de um surto de peste no Estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 84:249–256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida A, Corrigan R, Sarno R (2013) The economic impact of commensal rodents on small businesses in Manhattan’s Chinatown: trends and possible causes. Suburban Sustain 1(1):2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, Jannin J, den Boer M, WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team (2012) Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One 7(5):e35671

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Angelakis E, Raoult D (2010) Q fever. Vet Microbiol 140(3–4):297–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong C, Lillie RD (1934) Experimental lymphocytic choriomeningitis of monkeys and mice produced by a virus encountered in studies of the 1933 St. Louis encephalitis epidemic. Publ Health Rep (1896–1970) 49(35):1019–1027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aufderheide AC, Salo W, Madden M, Streitz J, Buikstra J, Guhl F, Arriaza B, Renier C, Wittmers LE Jr, Fornaciari G, Allison M (2004) A 9,000-year record of Chagas' disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101(7):2034–2039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Avšic-Zupanc T, Saksida A, Korva M (2016) Hantavirus infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 30:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Azad AF (1990) Epidemiology of murine typhus. Annu Rev Entomol 35(1):553–570

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbieri R, Signoli M, Chevé D, Costedoat C, Tzortzis S, Aboudharam G, Raoult D, Drancourt M (2020) Yersinia pestis: the natural history of plague. Clin Microbiol Rev 34(1):e00044–e00019

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barrera R, Ferro C, Navarro JC, Freier J, Liria J, Salas R, Ahumada M, Clovis V, González M, Kang W, Boshell J, Weaver SC (2002) Contrasting sylvatic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in northern South America. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 67(3):324–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bass JW, Vincent JM, Person DA (1997) The expanding spectrum of Bartonella infections: I. Bartonellosis and trench fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J 16(1):2–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bastiaan GM, Aize K (2007) Role of rodents in transmission of Salmonella and Campylobacter. J Food Sci Agric 87:2774–2781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Battersby AS (2015) Rodents as carriers of disease. In: Buckle AP, Smith RH (eds) Rodent pests and their control, 2nd edn. CABI, London, pp 81–100

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bedi JS, Vijay D, Dhaka P (2022) Textbook of zoonoses, 1st edn. Wiley Blackwell

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Begon M, Bennett M, Bowers RG, French NP, Hazel SM, Turner J (2002) A clarification of transmission terms in host-microparasite models: numbers, densities and areas. Epidemiol Infect 129:147–153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bermúdez CSE, Troyo A (2018) A review of the genus Rickettsia in Central America. Res Rep Trop Med 9:103–112

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bezerra MF, de Almeida AMP (2022) Important infectious diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean: Plague. In: Infectious tropical diseases and One Health in Latin America. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 45–70

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bigna JJ, Tochie JN, Tounouga DN, Bekolo AO, Ymele NS, Youda EL, Sime PS, Nansseu JR (2020) Global, regional, and country seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women: a systematic review. Modeling and Meta-Analysis. Sci Rep 10:12102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Billeter SA, Levy MG, Chomel BB, Breitschwerdt EB (2008) Vector transmission of Bartonella species with emphasis on the potential for tick transmission. Med Vet Entomol 22(1):1–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binder LDC, Krawczak FDS, Sponchiado J, Melo GL, Moraes-Filho J, Bastos FAN, Cáceres NC, Labruna MB (2016) Serosurvey of Rickettsia spp. in small mammals from Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Ciência Rural 47(1):1

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogitsh BJ, Carter CE, and Oeltmann TN (2012) Human parasitology. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolaños M, Angel-Moreno A, Pérez-Arellano JL (2004) Tifus endémico (murino). Una enfermedad en la que pensar aquí y ahora. Med Clin 122(10):383–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandão-Filho SP, Brito ME, Carvalho FG, Ishikaw EA, Cupolillo E, Floeter-Winter L, Shaw JJ (2003) Wild and synanthropic hosts of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in the endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis locality of Amaraji, Pernambuco State, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97(3):291–296

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brenière SF, Waleckx E, Barnabé C (2016) Over six thousand Trypanosoma cruzi strains classified into discrete typing units (DTUs): attempt at an inventory. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(8):e0004792

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brown LD, Macaluso KR (2016) Rickettsia felis, an emerging flea-borne rickettsiosis. Curr Trop Med Rep 3:27–39

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burgdorfer W, Barbour AG, Hayes SF, Benach JL, Grunwaldt E, Davis JP (1982) Lyme disease—a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science 216(4552):1317–1319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgin CJ, Colella JP, Kahn PL, Upham NS (2018) How many species of mammals are there? J Mammal 99(1):1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burza S, Croft SL, Boelaert M (2018) Leishmaniasis. Lancet 392:951–970

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capizzi D, Bertolino S, Mortelliti A (2014) Rating the rat: global patterns and research priorities in impacts and management of rodent pests. Mammal Rev 44(2):148–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Williams C, Wey AC, Henn JB, Maggi R, Carrasco S, Mazet J, Boulouis HJ, Maillard R, Breitschwerdt EB (2009) Bartonella endocarditis: a pathology shared by animal reservoirs and patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1166(1):120–126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christen JR, Edouard S, Lamour T, Martinez E, Rousseau C, de Laval F, Catzeflis F, Djossou F, Raoult D, de Santi VP, Epelboin L (2020) Capybara and brush cutter involvement in Q fever outbreak in remote area of Amazon Rainforest, French Guiana, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 26(5):993

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Civen R, Ngo V (2008) Murine typhus: an unrecognized suburban vectorborne disease. Clin Infect Dis 46(6):913–918

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cleaveland S, Laurenson MK, Taylor LH (2001) Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356(1411):991–999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Conover MR, Vail RM (2015) Human diseases from wildlife. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida

    Google Scholar 

  • Colunga-Salas P, Sánchez-Montes S, Volkow P, Ruiz-Remigio A, Becker I (2020) Lyme disease and relapsing fever in Mexico:an overview of human and wildlife infections. PLoS One 15(9):e0238496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conteh L, Engels T, Molyneux DH (2010) Socioeconomic aspects of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet 375(9710):239–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Córdoba-Aguilar A, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Castro-Arellano I, Suzan G (2021) Tackling zoonoses in a crowded world: lessons to be learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Trop 214:105780

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cosson JF, Picardeau M, Mielcarek M, Tatard C, Chaval Y, Suputtamongkol Y, Buchy P, Jittapalapong S, Herbreteau V, Morand S (2014) Epidemiology of Leptospira transmitted by rodents in Southeast Asia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(6):e2902

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS, Stein C, Abela-Ridder B, Ko AI (2015) Global morbidity and mortality of Leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(9):e0003898

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza MH, Patel TR (2020) Biodefense implications of new-world hantaviruses. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:925

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dahmana H, Granjon L, Diagne C, Davoust B, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O (2020) Rodents as hosts of pathogens and related zoonotic disease risk. Pathogens 9(3):202

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dantas-Torres F (2007) Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Lancet Infect Dis 7(11):724–732

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies RH, Wray C (1995) Observations on disinfection regimens used on Salmonella enteritidis infected poultry units. Poultry Sci 74:638–647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de la Barrera J (1953) Rongeurs sauvages infectés par Pasteurella pestis en Argentine. Bull World Health Organ 9(5):701

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Lima H, De Guglielmo Z, Rodríguez A, Convit J, Rodriguez N (2002) Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and black rats (Rattus rattus) as possible reservoirs of Leishmania spp. in Lara State, Venezuela. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97:169–174

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Lima BG, de Almeida Vitor RW, dos Santos M-DE (2021) Toxoplasma gondii in South America: a differentiated pattern of spread, population structure and clinical manifestations. Parasitol Res 120(9):3065–3076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Oliveira GMB, da Silva IWG, da Cruz Ferreira Evaristo AM, de Azevedo Serpa MC, Silva Campos AN, Dutra V, Nakazato L, de Aguiar DM, Bahia Labruna MB, Horta MC (2020) Tick-borne pathogens in dogs, wild small mammals and their ectoparasites in the semiarid Caatinga biome, northeastern Brazil. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 11(4):101409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deardorff ER, Estrada-Franco JG, Freier JE, Navarro-Lopez R, Da Rosa AT, Tesh RB, Weaver SC (2011) Candidate vectors and rodent hosts of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Chiapas, 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 85(6):1146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Guercio VMF, Rocha MMM, Melles HH, de Lima VC, Pignatti MG (1997) Febre maculosa no município de Pedreira, SP, Brasil. Inquérito sorológico. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 30:47–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DGE (Dirección General de Epidemiología) (2021) Anuario de morbilidad, 1984–2021. Disponible en http://www.epidemiologia.salud.gob.mx/anuario/html/anuarios.html [Fecha de consulta: marzo 2023]

  • Dhaliwal BS, Juyal PD (2013) Parasitic zoonoses. Springer, New Delhi

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dias JP (1995) Natural history of Chagas disease. Arq Bras Cardiol 65(4):359–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Drancourt M, Tran-Hung L, Courtin J, Lumley HD, Raoult D (2005) Bartonella quintana in a 4000-year-old human tooth. J Infect Dis 191(4):607–611

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dzul-Rosado KR, Lugo-Caballero C, Salcedo-Parra A, López-Soto RD, Faccini-Martínez ÁA (2019) Long term neurologic sequelae in a Mexican rocky mountain spotted fever case. Braz J Infect Dis 23:121–123

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Echeverria LE, Morillo CA (2019) American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Infect Dis Clin 33(1):119–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ecke F, Han BA, Hörnfeldt B, Khalil H, Magnusson M, Singh NJ, Ostfeld RS (2022) Population fluctuations and synanthropy explain transmission risk in rodent-borne zoonoses. Nat Commun 13(1):7532

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA (2015) Animal Leptospirosis. In: Adler B (ed) Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Current topics in microbiology and immunology, vol 387. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VL, Valverde-Villegas JM, Veiga ABGD, Spilki FR, Fearnside PM, Caesar L, Giatti LL, Wallau GL, Almeida SEM, Borba MR, Da Hora VP, Chies JAB (2020) Beyond diversity loss and climate change: impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious diseases and public health. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 92(1):e20191375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enria DA, Briggiler AM, Sánchez Z (2008) Treatment of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Antivir Res 78(1):132–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epelboin L, Eldin C, Thill P, de Santi VP, Abboud P, Walter G, Melzani A, Lettre-Gibert P, Pérez L, Demar M, Bourou M, Fernández J, Cermeño JR, Panizo MM, Vreden SGS, Djossou F, Beillard E, de Waard JH, de Lemos ERS (2021) Human Q fever on the Guiana shield and Brazil: recent findings and remaining questions. Curr Trop Med Rep 8:173–182

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Estavillo C, Weyland F, Herrera L (2022) Zoonotic disease risk and life-history traits: are reservoirs fast life species? EcoHealth 19(3):390–401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Freier JE, Cordova D, Clements T, Moncayo A, Kang W, Gomez-Hernandez C, Rodriguez-Dominguez G, Ludwing GV, Weaver SC (2004) Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, southern Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 10(12):2113

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Estripeaut D, Morales MS, Sánchez AR, González A, Hernández M, Zaldívar Y, Poveda A, Martínez-Monter M, Guenther E, Gundacker N, Suarez JA (2023) Clinical manifestations of Rickettsia rickettsii in a familial outbreak in Panama. Travel Med Infect Dis 52:102542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faccini-Martínez ÁA, Krawczak FDS, Oliveira SVD, Labruna MB, Angerami RN (2021) Rickettsioses in Brazil: distinct diseases and new paradigms for epidemiological surveillance. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 54:e07322020

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Favacho AR, Roger I, Akemi AK, Pessoa AA Jr, Varon AG, Gomes R, Godoy DT, Pereira S, Lemos ER (2014) Molecular identification of Bartonella henselae in a seronegative cat scratch disease patient with AIDS in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 56:363–365

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo LTM, de Souza WM, Ferrés M, Enria DA (2014) Hantaviruses and cardiopulmonary syndrome in South America. Virus Res 187:43–54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Firth C, Tokarz R, Simith DB, Nunes MR, Bhat M, Rosa ES, Medeiros DBA, Palacios G, Vasconcelos PFC, Lipkin WI (2012) Diversity and distribution of hantaviruses in South America. J Virol 86(24):13756–13766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Frank MG, Beitscher A, Webb CM, Raabe V, Beitscher A, Bhadelia N et al (2021) South American Hemorrhagic fevers: a summary for clinicians. Int J Infect Dis 105:505–515

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galaviz-Silva L, Mercado-Hernández R, Zárate-Ramos JJ, Molina-Garza ZJ (2017) Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs and small mammals in Nuevo León, Mexico. Revista Argentina de Microbiologia 49(3):216–223

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galvão MAM, Calic SB, Chamone CB, Mafra SCL, Cesarino Filho G, Olano JP, Walker DH (2003) Spotted fever rickettsiosis in Coronel Fabriciano, minas gerais state. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36:479–481

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galvão MAM, Zavala-Velázquez JE, Zavala-Castro JE, Mafra CL, Calic SB, Walker DH (2006) Rickettsia felis in the Americas. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078(1):156–158

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gardon J, Héraud JM, Laventure S, Ladam A, Capot P, Fouquet E, Favre J, Weber S, Hommel D, Hulin A, Couratte Y, Talarmin A (2001) Suburban transmission of Q fever in French Guiana: evidence of a wild reservoir. J Infect Dis 184(3):278–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garg SR (2014) Rabies in man and animals. Springer, New Delhi

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gibb R, Redding DW, Chin KQ, Donnelly CA, Blackburn TM, Newbold T, Jones KE (2020) Zoonotic host diversity increases in human-dominated ecosystems. Nature 584(7821):398–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibert CR (2019) La peste a lo largo de la historia. Revista Enfermedades Emergentes 18(3):119–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Glidden CK, Nova N, Kain MP, Lagerstrom KM, Skinner EB, Mandle L, Sokolow SH, Plowright RK, Dirzo R, De Leo GA, Mordecai EA (2021) Human-mediated impacts on biodiversity and the consequences for zoonotic disease spillover. Curr Biol 31(19):R1342–R1361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • González-Zambrano H, Amaya-Tapia G, Franco-Ramos MC, León-Murguía OJL (2021) Prevalence of Chagas heart disease in dilated cardiomyopathy. Arch Cardiol Mex 91(1):50–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottdenker NL, Streicker DG, Faust CL, Carroll CR (2014) Anthropogenic land use change and infectious diseases: a review of the evidence. EcoHealth 11:619–632

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graeff-Teixeira C, Ávila-Pires FDD, Machado RDCC, Camillo-Coura L, Lenzi HL (1990) Identificação de roedores silvestres como hospedeiros do Angiostrongylus costaricensis no sul do Brasil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 32:147–150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grayson MA, Galindo P (1969) Ecology of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in Panama. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155(12):2141–2145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greca H, Langoni H, Souza LCD (2008) Brazilian spotted fever: a reemergent zoonosis. J Venom Anim Toxins Includ Trop Dis 14:3–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene IP, Paessler S, Austgen L, Anishchenko M, Brault AC, Bowen RA, Weaver SC (2005) Envelope glycoprotein mutations mediate equine amplification and virulence of epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Virol 79(14):9128–9133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF (2006) Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Guhl F, Ramírez JD (2021) Poverty, migration, and chagas disease. Curr Trop Med Rep 8:52–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez R, Krasnov B, Morick D, Gottlieb Y, Khokhlova IS, Harrus S (2015) Bartonella infection in rodents and their flea ectoparasites: an overview. Vector-borne Zoonotic Dis 15(1):27–39

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán-Terán C, Calderón-Rangel A, Rodriguez-Morales A, Mattar S (2020) Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: the problem is not over for tropical America. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 19(1):1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haake DA, Levett PN (2015) Leptospirosis in humans. In: Adler B (ed) Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 387. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, Sambo M, Kieffer A, Attlan M, Barrat J, Blanton JD, Briggs DJ, Cleaveland S, Costa P, Freuling CM, Hiby E, Knopf L, Leanes F, Meslin FX, Metlin A, Miranda ME, Müller T, Nel LH, Recuenco S, Rupprecht CE, Schumacher C, Taylor L, Vigilato MAN, Zinsstag J, Dushoff J (2015) Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(5):e0003786

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Han BA, Schmidt JP, Bowden SE, Drake JM (2015) Rodent reservoirs of future zoonotic diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112(22):7039–7044

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Han BA, Kramer AM, Drake JM (2016) Global patterns of zoonotic disease in mammals. Trends Parasitol 32(7):565–577

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Henzler DJ, Opitz HM (1992) The role of mice in the epizootiology of Salmonella enteritidis infection on chicken layer farms. Avian Dis 36:625–631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera EA, Barreto GR (2013) Capybaras as a source of protein: utilization and management in Venezuela. In: Moreira JR, Ferraz KMPMB, Herrera EA, Madonald DW (eds) Capybara: biology, use and conservation of an exceptional neotropical species. Springer, New York, pp 305–319

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Herwaldt BL (1999) Leishmaniasis. Lancet 354(9185):1191–1199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heyman P, Thoma BR, Marié J, Cochez C, Essbauer SS (2012) In search for factors that drive Hantavirus epidemics. Front Physiol 3:237

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Holland GN (2003) Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part I: epidemiology and course of disease. Am J Ophthalmol 136(6):973–988

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huber C, Finelli L, Stevens W (2018) The economic and social burden of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. J Infect Dis 218(Supplement 5):S698–S704

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Valiente-Banuet L, Sanchez-Cordero V, Stephens CR, Ramsey JM (2017) Trypanosoma cruzi reservoir—triatomine vector co-occurrence networks reveal meta-community effects by synanthropic mammals on geographic dispersal. PeerJ 5:e3152

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Izquierdo-Rodríguez E, Fernández-Álvarez Á, Martín-Carrilo N, Feliu C, Marchand B, Quilichini Y, Foronda P (2019) Rodents as reservoirs of the zoonotic pathogens Coxiella burnetii and Toxoplasma gondii in Corsica (France). Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 19(12):879–883

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen AM, Xavier SCDC, Roque ALR (2018) Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in the wild and its most important reservoir hosts in Brazil. Parasites Vectors 11(1):1–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, Daszak P (2008) Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451(7181):990–993

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones BA, Grace D, Kock R, Alonso S, Rushton J, Said MY et al (2013) Zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110(21):8399–8404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson CB, Figueiredo LTM, Vapalahti O (2010) A global perspective on hantavirus ecology, epidemiology, and disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 23(2):412–441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Joynson DHM (1992) Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in the U.K. Scandinavian J Infect Dis Suppl 23(84):65–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Karesh WB, Dobson A, Lloyd-Smith JO, Lubroth J, Dixon MA, Bennett M, Aldrich S, Harrington T, Formenty P, Loh EH, Machalaba CC, Thomas MJ, Heymann DL (2012) Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories. Lancet 380(9857):1936

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klaren VNA, Kijlstra A (2002) Toxoplasmosis, an overview with emphasis on ocular involvement. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 10(1):1–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krawczak FS, Nieri-Bastos FA, Nunes FP, Soares JF, Moraes-Filho J, Labruna MB (2014) Rickettsial infection in Amblyomma cajennense ticks and capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in a Brazilian spotted fever-endemic area. Parasites Vectors 7:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs CJ (1999) Ecological methodology, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc., Menlo Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs CJ, Gaines MS, Keller BL, Myers JH, Tamarin RH (1973) Population cycles in small rodents: demographic and genetic events are closely coupled in fluctuating populations of field mice. Science 179(4068):35–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kropf SP, Sá MR (2009) The discovery of Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas disease (1908-1909): tropical medicine in Brazil. História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 16:13–34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krügel M, Król N, Kempf VA, Pfeffer M, Obiegala A (2022) Emerging rodent-associated Bartonella: a threat for human health? Parasites Vectors 15(1):113

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kugeler KJ, Schwartz AM, Delorey MJ, Mead PS, Hinckley AF (2021) Estimating the frequency of Lyme disease diagnoses, United States, 2010–2018. Emerg Infect Dis 27(2):616

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Labruna MB (2009) Ecology of rickettsia in South America. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1166(1):156–166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labruna MB, Mattar S, Nava S, Bermudez S, Venzal JM, Dolz G, Abarca K, Romero L, de Sousa R, Oteo J, Zavala-Castro J (2011) Rickettsiosis en America Latina, el Caribe, Espana y Portugal. Revista MVZ (Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia) 16(2):2435–2458

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee HW, Lee PW, Johnson KM (1978) Isolation of the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 137(3):298–308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li HY, Zhu GJ, Zhang YZ, Zhang LB, Hagan EA, Martinez S, Chmur AA, Francisco L, Tai H, Miller M, Daszak P (2020) A qualitative study of zoonotic risk factors among rural communities in southern China. Int Health 12(2):77–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lidani KCF, Andrade FA, Bavia L, Damasceno FS, Beltrame MH, Messias-Reason IJ, Sandri TL (2019) Chagas disease: from discovery to a worldwide health problem. Front Public Health 7:166

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lima BS, Dantas-Torres F, de Carvalho MR, Marinho-Junior JF, de Almeida EL, Brito ME, Gomes F, Brandão-Filho SP (2013) Small mammals as hosts of Leishmania spp. in a highly endemic area for zoonotic leishmaniasis in northeastern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 107(9):592–597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loayza-Mafayle R, Morales-Betoulle ME, Romero C, Cossaboom CM, Whitmer S, Alvarez Aguilera CE, Avila-Ardaya C, Cruz-Zambrana M, Dávalos-Anajia A, Mendoza-Loayza N, Montaño A-M et al (2022) Chapare hemorrhagic fever and virus detection in rodents in Bolivia in 2019. N Engl J Med 386(24):2283–2294

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Cancino SA, Tun-Ku E, De la Cruz-Felix HK, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Izeta Alberdi A, Pech-May A, Mazariegos-Hidalgo CJ, Valdez-Tah A, Ramsey JM (2015) Landscape ecology of Trypanosoma cruzi in the southern Yucatan Peninsula. Acta Trop 151:58–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luis AD, Hayman DTS, O’Shea TJ, Cryan PM, Gilbert AT, Pulliam JRC, Mills JN, Timonin ME, Willis CKR, Cunningham AA, Fooks AR, Rupprecht CE, Wood JLN, Webb CT (2013) A comparison of bats and rodents as reservoirs of zoonotic viruses: are bats special? Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 280:20122753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg L, Carey B, Kehn-Hall K (2017) Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus capsid—the clever caper. Viruses 9(10):279

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Luz HR, Costa FB, Benatti HR, Ramos VN, de Serpa AMC, Martins TF, Acosta ICL, Ramirez DG, Muñoz-Leal S, Ramirez-Hernandez A, Binder LC, Carvalho MP, Rocha V, Dias TC, Simeoni CL, Brites-Neto J, Brasil J, Nievas AM, Monticelli PF, Moro MEG, Lopez B, Aguiar DM, Pacheco RC, Sousa CE, Piovezan U, Juliano R, Ferras KMPMB, Zsabó MPJ, Labruna MB (2019) Epidemiology of capybara-associated Brazilian spotted fever. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(9):e0007734

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lytras S, Xia W, Hughes J, Jiang X, Robertson DL (2021) The animal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Science 373(6558):968–970

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma J, Zhang S, Zhang X (2021) Structure of Machupo virus polymerase in complex with matrix protein Z. Nat Commun 12(1):6163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald DW, Fenn MGP, Gelling M (2015) The natural history of rodents: Preadaptations to pestilence. In: Buckle AP, Smith RH (eds) Rodent pests and their control, 2nd edn. CAB International, Croydon

    Google Scholar 

  • Maco V, Maguiña C, Tirado A, Maco CV, Vidal JE (2004) Carrion's disease (Bartonellosis bacilliformis) confirmed by histopathology in the High Forest of Peru. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 46:171–174

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O’Brien SJ, Jones TF, Fazil A, Hoekstra RM (2010) The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Clin Infect Dis 50(6):882–889

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann S, Frasca K, Scherrer S, Henao-Martínez AF, Newman S, Ramanan P, Suarez JA (2021) A review of leishmaniasis: current knowledge and future directions. Curr Trop Med Rep 8(2):121–132

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marcelino AP, Ferreira EC, Avendanha JS, Costa CF, Chiarelli D, Almeida G, Moreira EC, Leite RC, dos Reis JKP, Gontijo CM (2011) Molecular detection of Leishmania braziliensis in Rattus norvegicus in an area endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 183(1–2):54–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt W (ed) (2004) Biology of disease vectors, 2nd edn. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Alonso A, Soto M, Foronda P, Aguilar E, Bonnet G, Pacheco R, .Valladares B, and Quispe-Ricalde MA. 2014. Bartonella spp. and Yersinia pestis reservoirs, Cusco, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 20(6):1069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maurin M, Birtles R, Raoult D (1997) Current knowledge of Bartonella species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 16:487–506

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCauley DJ, Salkeld DJ, Young HS, Makundi R, Dirzo R, Eckerlin RP, Lambin EF, Gaffikin L, Barry M, Helgen KM (2015) Effects of land use on plague (Yersinia pestis) activity in rodents in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 92(4):776–783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon BJ, Morand S, Gray JS (2018) Ecosystem change and zoonoses in the Anthropocene. Zoonoses Public Health 65(7):755–765

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meerburg BG, Kijlstra A (2007) Role of rodents in transmission of Salmonella and Campylobacter. J Sci Food Agric 87(15):2774–2781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A (2009) Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health. Crit Rev Microbiol 35(3):221–270

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melis M, Espinoza-Carniglia M, Savchenko E, Nava S, Lareschi M (2020) Molecular detection and identification of Rickettsia felis in Polygenis (Siphonaptera, Rhopalopsyllidae, Rhopalopsyllinae) associated with cricetid rodents in a rural area from central Argentina. Veterin Parasitol Reg Stud Rep 21:100445

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza H, Rubio AV, García-Peña GE, Suzán G, Simonetti JA (2020) Does land-use change increase the abundance of zoonotic reservoirs? Rodents say yes. Eur J Wildl Res 66(1):6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milagres BS, Padilha AF, Montandon CE, Freitas RN, Pacheco R, Walker DH, Labruna MB, Mafra CL, Galvão MAM (2013) Spotted fever group rickettsia in small rodents from areas of low endemicity for Brazilian spotted fever in the eastern region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 88(5):937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills JN (2006) Biodiversity loss and emerging infectious disease: an example from the rodent-borne hemorrhagic fevers. Biodiversity 7(1):9–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills JN, Childs JE (1998) Ecologic studies of rodent reservoirs: their relevance for human health. Emerg Infect Dis 4(4):529–537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2010) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg 8(5):336–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molina I, Salvador F, Sánchez-Montalvá A (2016) Actualización en enfermedad de Chagas. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 34(2):132–138

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mollentze N, Streicker DG (2020) Viral zoonotic risk is homogenous among taxonomic orders of mammalian and avian reservoir hosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci 117(17):9423–9430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mones A, Ojasti J (1986) Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Mammalian species 264:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS (2004) The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nature 430(6996):242–249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morrone JJ (2014) Biogeographical regionalization of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa 3782(1):1–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morand S, Blasdell K, Bordes F, Buchy P, Carcy B, Chaisiri K, Chaval Y, Claude J, Cosson JF, Desquesnes M, Jittapalapong S, Jiyipong T, Karnchanabanthoen A, Pornpan P, Rolain JM, and Tran A (2019) Changing landscapes of Southeast Asia and rodent‐borne diseases: decreased diversity but increased transmission risks. Ecological Applications 29(4):e01886

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrone JJ, Escalante T, Rodríguez-Tapia G, Carmona A, Arana M, Mercado-Gómez JD (2022) Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: new map and shapefile. An Acad Bras Cienc 94(1):e20211167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morse SS, Mazet JA, Woolhouse M, Parrish CR, Carroll D, Karesh WB, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Lipkin WI, Daszak P (2012) Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis. Lancet 380(9857):1956–1965

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro JC, Medina G, Vasquez C, Coffey LL, Wang E, Suárez A, Biord H, Salas M, Weaver SC (2005) Postepizootic persistence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Venezuela. Emerg Infect Dis 11(12):1907–1915

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson CA, Moore AR, Perea AE, Mead PS (2018) Cat scratch disease: US clinicians' experience and knowledge. Zoonoses Public Health 65(1):67–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newbold T, Hudson LN, Contu S, Hill SL, Beck J, Liu Y, Meyer C, Phillips HRP, Scharlemann JPW, Purvis A (2018) Widespread winners and narrow-ranged losers: land use homogenizes biodiversity in local assemblages worldwide. PLoS Biol 16(12):e2006841

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Olivera MJ, Buitrago G (2020) Economic costs of Chagas disease in Colombia in 2017: a social perspective. Int J Infect Dis 91:196–201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Organización Panamericana de la Salud (2003) Zoonosis y enfermedades transmisibles comunes al hombre y a los animales: parasitosis, v.3 (3rd ed)–Publicación Científica y Técnica No. 580. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) (2019) Manual de procedimientos para la vigilancia y control de las leishmaniasis en las Américas. OPS, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2019). Manual de procedimientos para la vigilancia y control de las leishmaniasis en las Américas. OPS. Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco RC, Horta MC, Moraes-Filho J, Ataliba AC, Pinter A, Labruna MB (2007) Rickettsial infection in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from São Paulo, Brazil: serological evidence for infection by Rickettsia bellii and Rickettsia parkeri. Biomedica 27(3):364–371

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Comer JA, Zaki SR, Goldsmith CS, Goddard J, McLellan SLF, Cl T, Ohl CA (2004) Rickettsia parkeri: a newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 38(6):805–811

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panti-May JA, Duarte-Jiménez A, Hernández-Betancourt SF, Rodríguez-Vivas RI (2021) A checklist of the Helminth parasites of invasive murid rodents in Mexico. Therya 12(1):85–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker RR, Kohls GM, Cox GW, Davis GE (1939) Observations on an infectious agent from Amblyomma maculatum. Public Health Rep 54(1896–1970):1482–1484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker NR, Barralet JH, Bell AM (2006) Q fever. Lancet 367(9511):679–688

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parola P (2011) Rickettsia felis: from a rare disease in the USA to a common cause of fever in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Microbiol Infect 17(7):996–1000

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson M, Grant A, Paessler S (2014) Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. Curr Opin Virol 5:82–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters CJ (2002) Human infection with Arenaviruses in the Americas. Pp. 65–74. In M. B. Oldstone (ed.), Arenaviruses I, vol. 262. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Peniche-Lara G, Dzul-Rosado KR, Zavala Velázquez JE, Zavala-Castro J (2012) Murine typhus: clinical and epidemiological aspects. Colomb Med 43(2):175–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peniche-Lara G, Dzul-Rosado KR, Perez-Osorio C, Zavala-Castro J (2015) Rickettsia typhi in rodents and R. felis in fleas in Yucatán as a possible causal agent of undefined febrile cases. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 57:129–132

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Molina JA, Molina I (2018) Chagas disease. Lancet 391(10115):82–94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Osorio CE, Zavala-Velázquez JE, León JJA, Zavala-Castro JE (2008) Rickettsia felis as emergent global threat for humans. Emerg Infect Dis 14(7):1019

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Perry RD, Fetherston JD (1997) Yersinia pestis-etiologic agent of plague. Clin Microbiol Rev 10(1):35–66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peters CJ (2002) Human infection with Arenaviruses in the Americas. In: Oldstone MB (ed) Arenaviruses I, vol 262. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 65–74

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto CM, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Lascano MS, Grijalva MJ (2006) Infection by trypanosomes in marsupials and rodents associated with human dwellings in Ecuador. J Parasitol 92(6):1251–1255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto-Junior VL, Hamidad AM, Albuquerque Filho DO, dos Santos VM (2014) Twenty years of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Brazil: a review of epidemiological and clinical aspects. J Infect Dev Ctries 8(2):137–142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pires MM, Galett M (2022) Beyond the “empty forest”: The defaunation syndromes of Neotropical forests in the Anthropocene. Global Ecol Conserv 41:e02362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quaresma PF, Rêgo FD, Botelho HA, da Silva SR, Moura AJ, Neto RGT, Maderira FM, Carvalho MB, Paglia AP, Melo MN, Gontijo CMF (2011) Wild, synanthropic and domestic hosts of Leishmania in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 105(10):579–585

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quintal D (1996) Historical aspects of the rickettsioses. Clin Dermatol 14(3):237–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabiee MH, Mahmoudi A, Siahsarvie R, Kryštufek B, Mostafavi E (2018) Rodent-borne diseases and their public health importance in Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(4):e0006256

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MT, Sobur MA, Islam MS, Ievy S, Hossain MJ, El Zowalaty ME, Rahman AT, Ashour HM (2020) Zoonotic diseases: etiology, impact, and control. Microorganisms 8(9):1405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey JM, Gutierrez-Cabrera AE, Salgado L, Peterson AT, Sanchez-Cordero V, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN (2012) Ecological connectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi reservoirs and Triatoma pallidipennis hosts in an anthropogenic landscape with endemic Chagas disease. PLoS One 7(9):e46013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA (2010) Chagas disease. Lancet 375(9723):1388–1402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raufu IA, Ahmed OA, Aremu A, Odetokun IA, Raji MA (2019) Salmonella transmission in poultry farms: the roles of rodents, lizards and formites. Savannah Veterin J 2(1):1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Reif KE, Macaluso KR (2009) Ecology of Rickettsia felis: a review. J Med Entomol 46(4):723–736

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rewar S, Mirdha D, Rewar P (2015) Treatment and prevention of pandemic H1N1 influenza. Ann Glob Health 81(5):645–653

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro CM, Carvalho JLBD, Bastos PADS, Katagiri S, Batalha EY, Okano W, Costa VMD (2021) Prevalence of Rickettsia rickettsii in ticks: systematic review and meta-analysis. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 21(8):557–565

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roatt BM, de Oliveira Cardoso JM, De Brito RCF, Coura-Vital W, de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares RD, Reis AB (2020) Recent advances and new strategies on leishmaniasis treatment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104(21):8965–8977

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts T (1988) Salmonellosis control: estimated economic costs. Poult Sci 67(6):936–943

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robles A, Fong J, Cervantes J (2018) Borrelia infection in Latin America. Rev Investig Clin 70(4):158–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez-Rojas JJ, Rodríguez-Moreno Á, Sánchez-Casas RM, Hernández-Escareño JJ (2020) Molecular detection of Leptospira interrogans and Borrelia burgdorferi in wild rodents from Mexico. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 20(11):860–863

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roiz D, Pontifes P, Jourdain F, Diagne C, Leroy B, Vaissière AC, Tolsá MJ, Salles JM, Simard F, Courchamp F (2023) The rising global economic costs of Aedes and Aedes-borne diseases. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2679030/v1

  • Roque ALR, Jansen AM (2014) Wild and synanthropic reservoirs of Leishmania species in the Americas. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildlife 3(3):251–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa EST, Mills JN, Padula PJ, Elkhoury MR, Ksiazek TG, Mendes WS, Santos ED, Araujo GCB, Martinez VP, Sosa JFST, Edelstein A, Vasconcelos PF (2005) Newly recognized hantaviruses associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in northern Brazil: partial genetic characterization of viruses and serologic implication of likely reservoirs. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 5(1):11–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rozental T, Ferreira MS, Guterres A, Mares-Guia MA, Teixeira BR, Gonçalves J, Bonvicino CR, D’Andrea PS, de Lemos ERS (2017) Zoonotic pathogens in Atlantic Forest wild rodents in Brazil: Bartonella and Coxiella infections. Acta Trop 168:64–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz A (2001) Plague in the Americas. Emerg Infect Dis 7(3):539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Runge M, von Keyserlingk M, Braune S, Becker D, Plenge-Bönig A, Freise JF, Pelz HJ, Esther A (2013) Distribution of rodenticide resistance and zoonotic pathogens in Norway rats in Lower Saxony and Hamburg, Germany. Pest Manag Sci 69(3):403–408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabour S, Azimi T, Nasser A, Hadi N, Mohsenzadeh A, Shariati A (2022) A global overview of the most important zoonotic bacteria pathogens transmitted from Rattus norvegicus to humans in urban environments. In: Infectious medicine, vol 1, Issue 3. Elsevier B. V, pp 192–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanmartin-Barberi C, Groot H, Osorno-Mesa E (1954) Human epidemio in Colombia caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 3(2):283–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasidharan S, Saudagar P (2021) Leishmaniasis: where are we and where are we heading? Parasitol Res 120:1541–1554

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmaljohn C (2009) Vaccines for hantaviruses. Vaccine 27(4):61–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid GP (1985) The global distribution of Lyme disease. Rev Infect Dis 7(1):41–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider MC, Najera P, Aldighieri S, Galan DI, Bertherat E, Ruiz A, Dumit E, Gabastou JM, Espinal MA (2014) Where does human plague still persist in Latin America? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(2):e2680

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schriefer ME, Sacci JB Jr, Dumler JS, Bullen MG, Azad AF (1994) Identification of a novel rickettsial infection in a patient diagnosed with murine typhus. J Clin Microbiol 32(4):949–954

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzman JD, Maguire JH (2011) Toxoplasmosis. In: Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. W.B. Saunders, pp 722–728

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Scott AT, Vondrak CJ, Sanderlin AG, Lamason RL (2022) Rickettsia parkeri. Trends Microbiol 30(5):511–512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serafim TD, Coutinho-Abreu IV, Dey R, Kissinger R, Valenzuela JG, Oliveira F, Kamhawi S (2021) Leishmaniasis: the act of transmission. Trends Parasitol 37(11):976–987

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serra-Medeiros S, Ortega Z, Antunes PC, Herrera HM, Oliveira-Santos LGR (2021) Space use and activity of capybaras in an urban area. J Mammal 102(3):814–825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro ED (2014) Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease). Pediatr Rev 35(12):500–509

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma U, Singh S (2008) Insect vectors of Leishmania: distribution, physiology and their control. J Vector Borne Dis 45(4):255–272

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shilereyo M, Magige F, Ranke PS, Ogutu JO, Røskaft E (2022) Ectoparasite load of small mammals in the Serengeti Ecosystem: effects of land use, season, host species, age, sex and breeding status. Parasitol Res 121(3):823–838

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Silva-Ramos CR, Hidalgo M, Faccini-Martínez ÁA (2021) Clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features of Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis: a systematic review. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 12(4):101734

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sing A (ed) (2015) Zoonoses—Infections affecting humans and animals: focus on public health aspects. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Singleton GR, Leirs H, Hinds L, Zhang Z (1999) Ecologically based management of rodent pests: reevaluating our approach to an old problem. In: Singleton GR, Hinds L, Leirs H, Zhang Z (eds) Ecologically based management of Rodent Pests. ACIAR, Canberra, pp 17–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Smadel JE (1953) Epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Am J Publ Health Nations Health 43(10):1327–1330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solís-Henández A, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Esteve-Gassent MD, Villegas-Pérez SL (2016) Prevalencia de Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato en roedores sinantrópicos de dos comunidades rurales de Yucatán, México. Biomedica 36:109–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanek G, Wormser GP, Gray J, Strle F (2012) Lyme borreliosis. Lancet 379(9814):461–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steere AC, Malawista SE, Snydman DR, Shope RE, Andiman WA, Ross MR, Steele FM (1977) An epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three Connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum 20(1):7–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stenseth NC, Leirs H, Skonhoft A, Davis SA, Pech RP, Andreassen HP et al (2003) Mice, rats, and people: the bio-economics of agricultural rodent pests. Front Ecol Environ 1(7):367–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szabó MPJ, Nieri-Bastos FA, Spolidorio MG, Martins TF, Barbieri AM, Labruna MB (2013) In vitro isolation from Amblyomma ovale (Acari: Ixodidae) and ecological aspects of the Atlantic rainforest Rickettsia, the causative agent of a novel spotted fever rickettsiosis in Brazil. Parasitology 140(6):719–728

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor LH, Latham SM, Woolhouse ME (2001) Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356(1411):983–989

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thorner AR, Walker DH, Petri WA Jr (1998) Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clin Infect Dis 27:1353–1359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilly K, Rosa PA, Stewart PE (2008) Biology of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Dis Clin N Am 22(2):217–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Castro M, Martínez-Ortiz D, Panti-May A, Koyoc-Cardeña E, López-Ávila K, Dzul-Rosado K, Zavala-Castro J, Chablé-Santos J, Manrique-Saide P (2018) Rickettsia typhi in rodents from a community with history of murine typhus from Yucatan, Mexico. Revista MVZ Córdoba 23:6974–6980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Castro M, Sánchez-Montes S, Colunga-Salas P, Noh-Pech H, Reyes-Novelo E, Rodríguez-Vivas RI (2022) Molecular confirmation of Rickettsia parkeri in humans from Southern Mexico. Zoonoses Public Health 69(4):382–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Guerrero E, Quintanilla-Cedillo MR, Ruiz-Esmenjaud J, Arenas R (2017) Leishmaniasis: a review. F1000Research 6:750

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tsioutis C, Zafeiri M, Avramopoulos A, Prousali E, Miligkos M, Karageorgos SA (2017) Clinical and laboratory characteristics, epidemiology, and outcomes of murine typhus: a systematic review. Acta Trop 166:16–24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vago AR, Andrade LO, Leite AA, Reis DDÁ, Macedo AM, Adad SJ, Toster S Jr, Moreira MCV, Filho GB, Pena SD (2000) Genetic characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi directly from tissues of patients with chronic Chagas disease: differential distribution of genetic types into diverse organs. Am J Pathol 156(5):1805–1809

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Verdade LM, Ferraz KMPMB (2006) Capybaras in an anthropogenic habitat in southeastern Brazil. Braz J Biol 66:371–378

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vial PA, Ferrés M, Vial C, Klingström J, Ahlm C, López R, Le Corre N, Mertz GJ (2023) Hantavirus in humans: a review of clinical aspects and management. Lancet Infect Dis. In press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00128-7

  • Vilibic-Cavlek T, Savic V, Ferenc T, Mrzljak A, Barbic L, Bogdanic M, Stevanovic V, Tabain I, Ferencak I, Zidovec-Lepej S (2021) Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis—emerging trends of a neglected Virus: a narrative review. Trop Med Infect Dis 6(2):88

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walton BC, de Arjona I, Benchoff BM (1966) Relationship of Toxoplasma antibodies to altitude. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 15(4):492–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver SC, Barrett AD (2004) Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of arboviral disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 2(10):789–801

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver SC, Ferro C, Barrera R, Boshell J, Navarro JC (2004) Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Ann Rev Entomol 49(1):141–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weil A (1886) Ueber einer eigenhuemliche, mit Milztumor, Icterus un Nephritis einhergehende, acute Infektionskrankheit. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 39:109

    Google Scholar 

  • White RJ, Razgour O (2020) Emerging zoonotic diseases originating in mammals: a systematic review of effects of anthropogenic land-use change. Mammal Rev 50(4):336–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson DE, Reeder DM (eds) (2005) Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd edn. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolcott KA, Margos G, Fingerle V, Becker NS (2021) Host association of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: a review. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 12(5):101766

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolhouse MEJ (2006) Where do emerging pathogens come from? Microbe Magaz 1(11):511–515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2002) Control of Chagas disease: second report of the WHO Expert Committee, vol 2. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2012) Zoonoses. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses. Accessed 20 March 2023

  • Yefi-Quinteros E, Muñoz-San Martín C, Bacigalupo A, Correa JP, Cattan PE (2018) Trypanosoma cruzi load in synanthropic rodents from rural areas in Chile. Parasites Vectors 11:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeyati EL, Filippini F (2021) Social and economic impact of COVID-19. Brookings Global Working Paper #158, Global Economy and Development program at Brookings, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Young HS, McCauley DJ, Dirzo R, Nunn CL, Campana MG, Agwanda B, Otarola-Castillo ER, Castillo ER, Pringle RM, Veblen KE, Salkeld DJ, Stewardson K, Fleischer R, Lambin EF, Palmer TM, Helgen KM (2017) Interacting effects of land use and climate on rodent-borne pathogens in central Kenya. Phil Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 372(1722):20160116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zavala-Velázquez JE, Ruiz-Sosa JA, Sánchez-Elias RA, Becerra-Carmona G, Walker DH (2000) Rickettsia felis rickettsiosis in Yucatan. Lancet 356(9235):1079–1080

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zavala-Velázquez J, Laviada-Molina H, Zavala-Castro J, Perez-Osorio C, Becerra-Carmona G, Ruiz-Sosa JA, Bouyer DH, Walker DH (2006) Rickettsia felis, the agent of an emerging infectious disease: report of a new case in Mexico. Arch Med Res 37(3):419–422

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeppelini CG, Callefe JLR, Coelho R, Silveira MSM, Khalil H, Belmain SR, Bertherat EGG, Begon M, Costa F (2022) A systematic review of rodent control as part of infectious disease control programs. Int J Pest Manag:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang YY, Sun YQ, Chen JJ, Teng AY, Wang T, Li H, Hay SI, Fang L-Q, Yang Y, Liu W (2022) Mapping the global distribution of spotted fever group rickettsiae: a systematic review with modeling analysis. Lancet Digit Health 5(1):e5–e15

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the funding provided by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. through grant no. 81278705 awarded to CNIC. CRRL thanks Conacyt for the postdoctoral grant. EEPA and MPIL thank Conacyt for the grant for graduate studies in the Human Ecology program of Cinvestav.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Mérida, Mexico

    Carlos N. Ibarra-Cerdeña, César R. Rodríguez-Luna, Eduardo E. Palomo-Arjona, Martha P. Ibarra-López & Margarida F. Barber

  2. Departamento de Recursos Naturales, Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Autlán, Mexico

    Martha P. Ibarra-López

  3. Departments of Biology and Earth Systems Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Rodolfo Dirzo

Authors
  1. Carlos N. Ibarra-Cerdeña
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. César R. Rodríguez-Luna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eduardo E. Palomo-Arjona
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Martha P. Ibarra-López
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Margarida F. Barber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Rodolfo Dirzo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlos N. Ibarra-Cerdeña .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile

    Gerardo Acosta-Jamett

  2. Escuela de Biología, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica

    Andrea Chaves

7.1 Electronic Supplementary Material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ibarra-Cerdeña, C.N., Rodríguez-Luna, C.R., Palomo-Arjona, E.E., Ibarra-López, M.P., Barber, M.F., Dirzo, R. (2024). Rodents as Key Hosts of Zoonotic Pathogens and Parasites in the Neotropics. In: Acosta-Jamett, G., Chaves, A. (eds) Ecology of Wildlife Diseases in the Neotropics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50531-7_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation