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Concentrated-Solar-Thermal-Driven Recycling of Li-Ion Battery Waste Through Carbothermic Reduction: Thermodynamic Assessment and Experimental Verification

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Rare Metal Technology 2024 (TMS 2024)

Part of the book series: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series ((MMMS))

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Abstract

Following the global trend towards electric transportation, automakers are transitioning from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles. To overcome the expected increase in spent batteries, recycling li-ion batteries is vital in securing the raw materials. While the pyrometallurgical route offers an effective metallurgical separation, its drawback lies in the high energy consumption from the high-temperature requirement. A high-temperature process by a cleaner energy source like concentrated solar energy is an alternative to address this issue. Solar energy proves promising due to its renewable nature. In this study, the battery waste containing various cathode metals was extracted through carbothermic reduction using anode carbon in a solar simulator furnace. A thermodynamic assessment was conducted using the FactSage™ thermochemical package in conjunction with selected experimental data within the temperature range of 400–800 °C. The development of a concentrated-solar-thermal-driven recycling route is a necessary step towards a sustainable process for recycling spent li-ion batteries.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the funding from the Australian Government—the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources through Swinburne’s Automotive Engineering Graduate Program (AEGP); and CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fluid and Process Dynamics (FPD) Group, Department of Mechanical and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia

    Bintang A. Nuraeni, Deddy C. Nababan, A. D. P. Putera & M. Akbar Rhamdhani

  2. Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA

    Bintang A. Nuraeni

  3. CSIRO Mineral Resources, Clayton, VIC, 3169, Australia

    Deddy C. Nababan

Authors
  1. Bintang A. Nuraeni
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  2. Deddy C. Nababan
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  3. A. D. P. Putera
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  4. M. Akbar Rhamdhani
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bintang A. Nuraeni .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

    Kerstin Forsberg

  2. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Takanari Ouchi

  3. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Gisele Azimi

  4. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

    Shafiq Alam

  5. IND LLC, South Jordan, UT, USA

    Neale R. Neelameggham

  6. University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

    Alafara Abdullahi Baba

  7. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Hong Peng

  8. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Athanasios Karamalidis

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Nuraeni, B.A., Nababan, D.C., Putera, A.D.P., Rhamdhani, M.A. (2024). Concentrated-Solar-Thermal-Driven Recycling of Li-Ion Battery Waste Through Carbothermic Reduction: Thermodynamic Assessment and Experimental Verification. In: Forsberg, K., et al. Rare Metal Technology 2024. TMS 2024. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50236-1_20

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