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Nanotechnology-Based Electrochemical Diagnostic Tools for the Detection of Viral Diseases: Advantages and Disadvantages

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Applications of Nanotechnology in Microbiology

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Abstract

Although viruses are very small and simple structures consisting of a protein capsid and a lipidic envelope, they cause many and various diseases such as influenza, ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that can kill thousands of people every year. The high transmission and replication capacity and speed of viruses threaten individuals and public health. Today, COVID-19, which has turned into a global pandemic and continues its effects, is a striking example that reveals viruses’ medical, economic, and socio-cultural impacts. Therefore, the determination of whole or fragmented viruses, or the determination of biomarkers associated with viral diseases, is critical in clinical practice to distinguish and diagnose diseases with similar symptoms. Although established methods (such as enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay and polymerase chain reactions) have been used for a long time for this purpose, they have aspects that are open for development.

The design and development of rapid diagnostic and point-of-care testing (POCT) technologies for disease-causing pathogens are critical to their successful application in the healthcare industry. Although there are various approaches for POCT devices designed to be used in the detection of pathogens, the preferred one is electrochemical biosensors. Electrochemical biosensors have a significant role in the rapid detection of infectious diseases due to their rapid reaction, high sensitivity, selectivity, low cost, and ease of miniaturization. In this chapter, recent developments in electrochemical biosensors based on various electroanalytical techniques such as potentiometry, amperometry, voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods will be discussed. In addition, advances in developing an effective biosensor for the diagnosis of viral diseases using appropriate nanomaterials and nanotechnologies will be presented in detail. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of POCTs compared to traditional techniques for the detection of biomarkers of viral diseases will be highlighted, and the challenges of commercializing electrochemical sensor devices will be critically discussed in conjunction with future trends such as laboratory-on-a-chip flexibility.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Türkiye

    Ahmet Cetinkaya & Sibel A. Ozkan

  2. Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye

    Ahmet Cetinkaya

  3. University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Türkiye

    S. Irem Kaya & Nurgul K. Bakirhan

  4. Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ankara, Türkiye

    Banu Kaskatepe

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College, Mumbai, India

    Ramesh S. Chaughule

  2. Department of Microbiology, Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College, Mumbai, India

    Anushree S. Lokur

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Cetinkaya, A., Kaya, S.I., Kaskatepe, B., Bakirhan, N.K., Ozkan, S.A. (2023). Nanotechnology-Based Electrochemical Diagnostic Tools for the Detection of Viral Diseases: Advantages and Disadvantages. In: Chaughule, R.S., Lokur, A.S. (eds) Applications of Nanotechnology in Microbiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49933-3_14

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