When Climate Change Knocks on the Finance Minister’s Door

Pardal, Paulo Alves

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49460-4_8

Paulo Alves Pardal¹⁶

Part of the book series: Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship ((EALELS,volume 16))

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Abstract

Traditionally, the management of climate change issues has been the responsibility of environment ministers. However, due to its cross-cutting nature to international commitments and its growing impact on the economy and fiscal governance, finance ministers are called upon to play a key role in this matter. Indeed, finance ministers can no longer ignore the dangers that climate change poses to the real economy, financial stability, and public finance.

Climate-related risks—both physical climate risks and climate transition risks—can affect public finance through both microeconomic and macroeconomic transmission channels. Indeed, climate-related risks could cause direct and indirect fiscal impacts thereby deteriorating public finance.

Due to the effects of climate change, the government, and in particular the finance minister, may be called upon to play a kind of “lender of last resort” or, more precisely, the role of “insurer or bailout provider of last resort” for families, companies or even financial institutions.

Despite some uncertainties, geographical heterogeneity, and different legal systems, there is a strong likelihood that, to a greater or lesser extent, climate change will increasingly pose a challenge to public finance in the various jurisdictions.

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Notes

1.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was created in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) having been endorsed by United Nations General Assembly as outlined in UN General Assembly Resolution 43/53 of 6 December 1988.
2.
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2021), e.g., Summary for Policymakers and Chap. 5
3.
WMO - World Meteorological Organization (2022).
4.
IPCC (2021) e.g., Chap. 1.
5.
IPCC (2021) e.g., Summary for Policymakers, Chapters 1 and 3.
6.
Zalasiewicz et al. (2008).
7.
Summerhayes and Zalasiewicz (2018), pp. 194–200; Roka (2019).
8.
Roka (2019).
9.
Summerhayes and Zalasiewicz (2018).
10.
ISDR – International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2008) and NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2016).
11.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is an American Agency created in 1970 but with antecedents that go back to 1870 (when the agencies dedicated to the physical and atmospheric sciences were founded by President Jefferson, namely the Weather Bureau and the Survey of the Coast office). The NOAA’s mission is to provide daily weather forecasts, severe storm warnings, climate monitoring for fisheries management, coastal restoration, and support for maritime trade https://www.noaa.gov/.
12.
Chenet (2019).
13.
UNEP-FI - United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (2022).
14.
Battersby et al. (2021).
15.
UNEP, Green Economy (2010).
16.
The Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) is a network of central banks and financial supervisors that was created in 2017 and has more than one hundred members. According to its charter (Article 1). The Central Banks and Supervisors Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) is a group of Central Banks and prudential supervisory authorities willing, on a voluntary basis, to exchange experiences, share best practices, contribute to the development of environment and climate risk management in the financial sector, and to mobilise mainstream finance to support the transition toward a sustainable economy. Its purpose is to define, promote and contribute to the development of best practices to be implemented within and outside of the Membership of the NGFS and to conduct or commission analytical work on green finance (https://www.ngfs.net/en/).
17.
NGFS - Network for Greening the Financial System (2019).
18.
The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) was created by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) in December 2015 in order to develop voluntary and consistent disclosures of climate-related financial risks for use by companies in providing information to creditors, insurers, investors, and other stakeholders https://assets.bbhub.io/company/sites/60/2015/12/12-4-2015-Climate-change-task-force-press-release.pdf.
19.
TCFD - Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (2016).
20.
TCFD - Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (2017).
21.
Lenton et al. (2019), pp. 592–595.
22.
Connell et al. (2020).
23.
Åberg and Jeffs (2022).
24.
Spinaci (2021).
25.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a); OECD (2021), Chap. 3.
26.
OECD (2021), Chap. 1.
27.
OECD (2021), Chap. 1.
28.
Connell et al. (2020).
29.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a, 2021b); OECD (2021), Chap. 3.
30.
OECD (2021) Chap. 1.
31.
Schäfer et al. (2021).
32.
UNEP, Green Economy (2010).
33.
Rudebusch (2021).
34.
NGFS - Network for Greening the Financial System (2022a).
35.
Spinaci (2021).
36.
NGFS (2019).
37.
Dunz and Power (2021).
38.
NGFS (2022a).
39.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2015).
40.
OECD (2015).
41.
OECD (2015).
42.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2017).
43.
OECD (2017).
44.
UNDRR - United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015).
45.
UNDRR (2015).
46.
Wolfrom and Yokoi-Arai (2016).
47.
OECD (2015).
48.
G20/OECD (2012).
49.
OECD (2015).
50.
OECD (2015).
51.
OECD (2015).
52.
OECD (2015).
53.
Radu (2022).
54.
Radu (2022).
55.
World Bank, GFDRR (2013).
56.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
57.
Rudebusch (2021).
58.
OECD (2021), Chap. 1.
59.
Kalkuhl and Wenz (2020).
60.
UNEP-FI (2022).
61.
IAIS - International Association of Insurance Supervisors (2021).
62.
The International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) was established in 1994 and is an international organization of insurance supervisors and regulators. https://www.iaisweb.org/.
63.
Dunz and Power (2021).
64.
OECD (2021), Chap. 1.
65.
NGFS - Network for Greening the Financial System (2020b).
66.
NGFS (2020b).
67.
NGFS - Network for Greening the Financial System (2019, 2020a, 2022a, b).
68.
The Financial Stability Board (FSB) is an international body that was established in 2009 and performs the functions of monitoring and making recommendations about the global financial system. With regard to climate risks, the FSB plays a coordinating role in dealing with climate-related financial risks. https://www.fsb.org/work-of-the-fsb/financial-innovation-and-structural-change/climate-related-risks/.
69.
FSB - Financial Stability Board (2022).
70.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a, b).
71.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a), p. 10.
72.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a).
73.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a).
74.
The Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action has existed since 2019 and brings together fiscal and economic policymakers from several dozen countries to lead the global climate response and ensure a just transition to low-carbon resilient development- The Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action (2022).
75.
Dunz and Power (2021).
76.
Volz et al. (2020).
77.
Pigato et al. (2019).
78.
NGFS - Network for Greening the Financial System (2020b).
79.
NGFS - Network for Greening the Financial System (2020b).
80.
NGFS - Network for Greening the Financial System (2020a).
81.
NGFS - Network for Greening the Financial System (2020b).
82.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a, b).
83.
Dunz and Power (2021).
84.
BCBS (2021a).
85.
Volz et al. (2020).
86.
Dunz and Power (2021).
87.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2015), Chap. 2.
88.
WHO - World Health Organization (2022).
89.
WHO - World Health Organization (2022).
90.
UNDP et al. (2016).
91.
UNDP, et al. (2016).
92.
ILO - International Labour Office. (2011).
93.
OECD (2022).
94.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021), Chap. 3.
95.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a).
96.
Volz et al. (2020).
97.
ISDR (2008).
98.
Feyen et al. (2020).
99.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
100.
Dunz and Power (2021).
101.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a).
102.
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2021).
103.
ISDR (2008).
104.
ISDR (2008).
105.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a) and Dunz and Power (2021).
106.
Gundlach (2020), pp. 94–97; BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a).
107.
Volz et al. (2020).
108.
ECB – European Central Bank (2019), p. 132.
109.
Darvas et al. (2020).
110.
ECB – European Central Bank (2022).
111.
Feyen et al. (2020).
112.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a).
113.
Feyen et al. (2020).
114.
Feyen et al. (2020).
115.
Feyen et al. (2020).
116.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a).
117.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a).
118.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a).
119.
Feyen et al. (2020).
120.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022), Chap. 5.
121.
Feyen et al. (2020).
122.
Volz et al. (2020), Chap. 3.
123.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022), Chap. 3.
124.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2023).
125.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022), Chap. 3.
126.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2014) and OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2018).
127.
Financial Accountability Office of Ontario (2021).
128.
OMB - Office of Management and Budget (2016).
129.
OMB - Office of Management and Budget (2016).
130.
Gonguet et al. (2021).
131.
Batten (2018).
132.
Batten (2018).
133.
Batten (2018).
134.
Batten (2018).
135.
NGFS - Network for Greening the Financial System (2020b).
136.
Feyen et al. (2020).
137.
Feyen et al. (2020).
138.
BCBS - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2021a).
139.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021), Chap. 5.
140.
Feyen et al. (2020).
141.
Andersson et al. (2020). Climate change and the macro economy, ECB Occasional Paper Series No 243/June 2020. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpops/ecb.op243~2ce3c7c4e1.en.pdf.
142.
According to the OECD report, under the title Building Financial Resilience to Climate Impacts – a Framework for Governments to manage the risks of losses and damages, it is important to distinguish between economic losses and damages whereby it is emphasized in this report that, while damages refer to the physical assets that are totally or partially destroyed in the affected areas that are measured in physical units (e.g., the number of damaged houses, roads, crops, and land) and assigned monetary values based on replacement costs according to prices prevailing just before the event, losses refer to changes in economic flows arising from an event from the date of its occurrence until full economic recovery and reconstruction (including the decline in output in productive sectors such as agriculture, industry, and services) OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022).
143.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021), Chap. 5.
144.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
145.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021), Chap. 5.
146.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
147.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021), Chap. 5.
148.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
149.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
150.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
151.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
152.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
153.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
154.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022), Chap. 4.
155.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2015).
156.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2015).
157.
Dunz and Power (2021).
158.
Dunz and Power (2021).
159.
Dunz and Power (2021).
160.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2015), Chapters 1 and 4.
161.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021), Chap. 5.
162.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
163.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
164.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021).
165.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022), Chapters 4 and 5.
166.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022).
167.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022).
168.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022).
169.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022).
170.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022), Chap. 5.
171.
IMF - International Monetary Fund (2016) and IMF - International Monetary Fund (2018).
172.
IMF - International Monetary Fund (2018), Chap. 4.
173.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022), Chapters 4 and 5.
174.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021), Chapters 1 and 4.

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CIDEEFF, University of Lisbon, Law School, Lisbon, Portugal
Paulo Alves Pardal

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CIDEEFF, Law School, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Rute Saraiva
CIDEEFF, Law School, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Paulo Alves Pardal

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Pardal, P.A. (2024). When Climate Change Knocks on the Finance Minister’s Door. In: Saraiva, R., Pardal, P.A. (eds) Sustainable Finances and the Law. Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49460-4_8

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49460-4_8
Published: 06 April 2024
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-49459-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-49460-4
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)

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