Abstract
Journalists play a key role in society as storytellers and sense-makers who can mediate between experts, institutions, and the public. While the news media could serve as an important source for information about health, medicine, and science, journalists often fail to adequately inform the public, which could result in detrimental impact. This chapter reviews theoretical, empirical, and practical considerations associated with journalists’ capacity to influence people’s beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviours. We pay particular attention to communication challenges in the context of health communication, including mistrust, growing competition from alternative media, and misinformation. We demonstrate these potentials and obstacles using examples from the area of epidemics in general, and COVID-19 specifically. We conclude by considering ways to improve health and science journalism and restore public trust in news media.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888–918. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888
AlbarracĂn, D., Johnson, B. T., Fishbein, M., & Muellerleile, P. A. (2001). Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 142. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.142
Anderson, R. M., Heesterbeek, H., Klinkenberg, D., & Hollingsworth, T. D. (2020). How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? The Lancet, 395(10228), 931–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
Antwerpen, N. V., Searston, R. A., Turnbull, D., Hermans, L., & Kovacevic, P. (2022). The effects of constructive journalism techniques on mood, comprehension, and trust. Journalism, 24(10), 2294–2317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884922110577
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471–499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3), 265–299. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303_03
Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
Bennett, W. L., & Iyengar, S. (2008). A new era of minimal effects? The changing foundations of political communication. Journal of Communication, 58(4), 707–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x
Berlivet, L., & Löwy, I. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine controversies: Clinical trials, epistemology, and the democratization of science. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 34(4), 525–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12622
Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological reactance—A theory of freedom and control. Academic Press.
Brenan, M. (2022, October 18). Americans’ trust in media remains near record low. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/403166/americans-trust-media-remains-near-record-low.aspx
Broniatowski, D. A., Jamison, A. M., Qi, S., AlKulaib, L., Chen, T., Benton, A., Quinn, S. C., & Dredze, M. (2018). Weaponized health communication: Twitter bots and Russian trolls amplify the vaccine debate. American Journal of Public Health, 108(10), 1378–1384. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304567
Brueck, H. (2020). The rest of the world is “simply not ready” for the coronavirus, according to a WHO envoy who just returned from China. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/what-works-to-fight-covid-19-lessons-from-china-who-2020-2
Calvillo, D. P., Ross, B. J., Garcia, R. J. B., Smelter, T. J., & Rutchick, A. M. (2020). Political ideology predicts perceptions of the threat of COVID-19 (and susceptibility to fake news about it). Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(8), 1119–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620940539
Cappella, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (1997). Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good. Oxford University Press.
Cappella, J. N., Ophir, Y., & Sutton, J. (2018). The importance of measuring knowledge in the age of misinformation and challenges in the tobacco domain. In B. G. Southwell, E. A. Thorson, & L. Sheble (Eds.), Misinformation and mass audiences (pp. 51–70). University of Texas Press.
Cloudy, J., Banks, J., & Bowman, N. D. (2021). The str(AI)ght scoop: Artificial intelligence cues reduce perceptions of hostile media bias. Digital Journalism, 0(0), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1969974
Coleman, R., Thorson, E., & Wilkins, L. (2011). Testing the effect of framing and sourcing in health news stories. Journal of Health Communication, 16(9), 941–954. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.561918
Coombs, T. W. (1999). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. SAGE Publications.
Coombs, T. W. (2009). Conceptualizing crisis communication. In R. L. Heath & D. H. O’Hair (Eds.), Handbook of risk and crisis communication (1st ed., pp. 99–118). Routledge.
Djerf-Pierre, M., & Shehata, A. (2017). Still an agenda setter: Traditional news media and public opinion during the transition From low to high choice media environments. Journal of Communication, 67(5), 733–757. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12327
Elvestad, E., Phillips, A., & Feuerstein, M. (2017). Can trust in traditional news media explain cross-national differences in news exposure of young people online? Digital Journalism, 6(2), 216–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1332484
Feldman, L. (2011). Partisan differences in opinionated news perceptions: A test of the hostile media effect. Political Behavior, 33, 407–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9139-4
Fink, K. (2019). The biggest challenge facing journalism: A lack of trust. Journalism, 20(1), 40–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918807069
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1972). Attitudes and opinions. Annual Review of Psychology, 23(1), 487–544. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.23.020172.002415
Fletcher, R., & Park, S. (2017). The impact of trust in the news media on online news consumption and participation. Digital Journalism, 5(10), 1281–1299. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1279979
Fuchs, C., & Qiu, J. L. (2018). Ferments in the field: Introductory reflections on the past, present and future of communication studies. Journal of Communication, 68(2), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy008
Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus crises in four Norwegian newspapers. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200104
Gans, H. J. (1979). Deciding what’s news: A study of CBS evening news, NBC nightly news, Newsweek and Time. Vintage Books.
Glowacki, E. M., Lazard, A. J., Wilcox, G. B., Mackert, M., & Bernhardt, J. M. (2016). Identifying the public’s concerns and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s reactions during a health crisis: An analysis of a Zika live Twitter chat. American Journal of Infection Control, 44, 1709–1711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.05.025
Gottfried, J., & Liedke, J. (2021). Partisan divides in media trust widen, driven by a decline among Republicans. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/08/30/partisan-divides-in-media-trust-widen-driven-by-a-decline-among-republicans/
Grayer, A., & Fox, L. (2021). Nearly half of House Republicans won’t say publicly if they are vaccinated. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/22/politics/house-republicans-vaccination-rates/index.html
Greitemeyer, T. (2011). Effects of prosocial media on social behavior: When and why does media exposure affect helping and aggression? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411415229
Griffiths, W. (1972). Health education definitions, problems, and philosophies. Health Education & Behavior, 1(31), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817200103103
Guidry, J. P. D., & Benotsch, E. G. (2019). Pinning to cope: Using Pinterest for chronic pain management. Health Education & Behavior, 46(4), 700–709. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198118824399
Guidry, J. P. D., Meganck, S. L., Perrin, P. B., Messner, M., Lovari, A., & Carlyle, K. E. (2021). #Ebola: Tweeting and pinning an epidemic. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 29(2), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2019.1707202
Gunther, A. C., & Schmitt, K. (2004). Mapping boundaries of the hostile media effect. Journal of Communication, 54(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02613.x
Hackman, C. L., & Knowlden, A. P. (2014). Theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior-based dietary interventions in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 5, 101–114. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S56207
Harry, E. (2021). Flu shots uptake is now partisan. It didn’t use to be. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/14/politics/flu-partisan-divide-analysis/index.html
Hays, R. (1985). An integrated value-expectancy theory of alcohol and other drug use. British Journal of Addiction, 80(4), 379–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03009.x
Hochbaum, G. M. (1958). Public participation in medical screening programs: A socio-psychological study. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Bureau of State Services, Division of Special Health Services, Tuberculosis Program.
Hodgetts, D., Chamberlain, K., Scammell, M., Karapu, R., & Waimarie Nikora, L. (2008). Constructing health news: Possibilities for a civic-oriented journalism. Health, 12(1), 43–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459307083697
Hoffman, S. J., Mansoor, Y., Natt, N., Sritharan, L., Belluz, J., Caulfield, T., Freedhoff, Y., Lavis, J. N., & Sharma, A. M. (2017). Celebrities’ impact on health-related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and status outcomes: Protocol for a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis. Systematic Reviews, 6, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0395-1
Hornik, R. (2002). Public health communication: Evidence for behavior change. Routledge.
Hornik, R. C., Jacobsohn, L., Orwin, R., Piesse, A., & Kalton, G. (2008). Effects of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign on youths. American Journal of Public Health, 98(12), 2229–2236. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125849
Hubner, A. (2021). How did we get here? A framing and source analysis of early COVID-19 media coverage. Communication Research Reports, 38(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1894112
Jamieson, K. H. (2015). Communicating the value and values of science. Issues in Science and Technology, 32(1), 14–25.
Jamieson, K. H., & Cappella, J. N. (2008). Echo chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the conservative media establishment. Oxford University Press.
Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11(1), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818401100101
Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., & Mandel, G. (2012). The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nature Climate Change, 2(10), 732–735. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1547
Katz, S. J., Byrne, S., & Kent, A. I. (2017). Mitigating the perception of threat to freedom through abstraction and distance. Communication Research, 44(7), 1046–1069. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650216647534
Kilgo, D. K., Yoo, J., & Johnson, T. J. (2019). Spreading Ebola panic: Newspaper and social media coverage of the 2014 Ebola health crisis. Health Communication, 34(8), 811–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1437524
Kim, H. S., Bigman, C. A., Leader, A. E., Lerman, C., & Cappella, J. N. (2012). Narrative health communication and behavior change: The influence of exemplars in the news on intention to quit smoking. Journal of Communication, 62(3), 473–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01644.x
Kim, S., Jeong, S.-H., & Hwang, Y. (2013). Predictors of pro-environmental behaviors of American and Korean students: The application of the theory of reasoned action and protection motivation theory. Science Communication, 35(2), 168–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441692
Klapper, J. T. (1960). The effects of mass communication (Vol. xii). Free Press.
Kresovich, A., & Noar, S. M. (2020). The power of celebrity health events: Meta-analysis of the relationship between audience involvement and behavioral intentions. Journal of Health Communication, 25(6), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2020.1818148
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018
Lewis, N., Martinez, L. S., Freres, D. R., Schwartz, J. S., Armstrong, K., Gray, S. W., Fraze, T., Nagler, R. H., Bourgoin, A., & Hornik, R. C. (2012). Seeking cancer-related information from media and family/friends increases fruit and vegetable consumption among cancer patients. Health Communication, 27(4), 380–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.586990
Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Alias, H., & Wong, L. P. (2020). Influence of mass and social media on psychobehavioral responses among medical students during the downward trend of COVID-19 in Fujian, China: Cross-sectional study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7), e19982. https://doi.org/10.2196/19982
Lindsey, L. L. M. (2017). The influence of persuasive messages on healthy eating habits: A test of the theory of reasoned action when attitudes and subjective norm are targeted for change. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 22(4), e12106. https://doi.org/10.1111/jabr.12106
Lippmann, W. (1920). Liberty and the News. Harcourt, Brace and Howe.
Liu, Y., Ma, Q., Liu, H., & Guo, Z. (2022). Public attitudes and influencing factors towards COVID-19 vaccination for adolescents/children: A scoping review. Public Health, 205, 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.02.002
McWhirter, J. E., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2016). Application of the health belief model to U.S. magazine text and image coverage of skin cancer and recreational tanning (2000–2012). Journal of Health Communication, 21(4), 424–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1095819
Miller, C. A., Guidry, J. P. D., & Fuemmeler, B. F. (2019). Breast cancer voices on Pinterest: Raising awareness or just an inspirational image? Health Education & Behavior, 46(2_suppl), 49S–58S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863774
Motta, M., Stecula, D., & Farhart, C. (2020). How right-leaning media coverage of COVID-19 facilitated the spread of misinformation in the early stages of the pandemic in the U.S. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423920000396
Naugle, D. A., & Hornik, R. C. (2014). Systematic review of the effectiveness of mass media interventions for child survival in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Health Communication, 19(sup1), 190–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.918217
Nelson, J. L., & Kim, S. J. (2021). Improve trust, increase loyalty? Analyzing the relationship between news credibility and consumption. Journalism Practice, 15(3), 348–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1719874
Newman, N., & Fletcher, R. (2017). Bias, bullshit and lies: Audience perspectives on low trust in the media (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3173579). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3173579
Niederdeppe, J., Lee, T., Robbins, R., Kim, H. K., Kresovich, A., Kirshenblat, D., Standridge, K., Clarke, C. E., Jensen, J., & Fowler, E. F. (2014). Content and effects of news stories about uncertain cancer causes and preventive behaviors. Health Communication, 29(4), 332–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.755603
Nisbet, E. C., & Kamenchuk, O. (2021). Russian news media, digital media, informational learned helplessness, and belief in COVID-19 misinformation. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 33(3), 571–590. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edab011
Ophir, Y. (2018). Coverage of epidemics in American newspapers through the lens of the crisis and emergency risk communication framework. Health Security, 16(3), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2017.0106
Ophir, Y. (2019). The effects of news coverage of epidemics on public support for and compliance with the CDC—An experimental study. Journal of Health Communication, 24(5), 547–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1632990
Ophir, Y., & Jamieson, K. H. (2018). The effects of Zika virus risk coverage on familiarity, knowledge and behavior in the U.S.—A time series analysis combining content analysis and a nationally representative survey. Health Communication, 35(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1536958
Ophir, Y., & Jamieson, K. H. (2021). The effects of media narratives about failures and discoveries in science on beliefs about and support for science. Public Understanding of Science, 30(8), 1008–1023. https://doi.org/10.1177/09636625211012630
Ophir, Y., Pruden, M. L., Walter, D., Lokmanoglu, A. D., Tebaldi, C., & Wang, R. (2022). Weaponizing reproductive rights: A mixed-method analysis of White nationalists’ discussion of abortions online. Information, Communication & Society, 26(11), 2186–2211. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2077654
Ophir, Y., Romer, D., Jamieson, P. E., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020). Counteracting misleading protobacco YouTube videos: The effects of text-based and narrative correction Interventions and the Role of Identification. International Journal of Communication, 14, 4973–4988. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/15276/3227
Ophir, Y., Walter, D., Arnon, D., Lokmanoglu, A., Tizzoni, M., Carota, J., D’Antiga, L., & Nicastro, E. (2021). The framing of COVID-19 in Italian media and its relationship with community mobility: A mixed-method approach. Journal of Health Communication, 26(3), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2021.1899344
Oreskes, N., & Conway, E. M. (2011). Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming. Bloomsbury Press.
Park, S., Fisher, C., Flew, T., & Dulleck, U. (2020). Global mistrust in news: The impact of social media on trust. International Journal on Media Management, 22(2), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2020.1799794
Patterson, T. E. (2013). Informing the news. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
Perloff, R. M. (2015). A three-decade retrospective on the hostile media effect. Mass Communication and Society, 18(6), 701–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1051234
Peters, H. P., & Dunwoody, S. (2016). Scientific uncertainty in media content: Introduction to this special issue. Public Understanding of Science, 25(8), 893–908. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662516670765
Poss, J. E. (2001). Developing a new model for cross-cultural research: Synthesizing the health belief model and the theory of reasoned action. Advances in Nursing Science, 23(4), 1–15.
Quick, B. L. (2010). Applying the health belief model to examine news coverage regarding steroids in sports by ABC, CBS, and NBC between March 1990 and May 2008. Health Communication, 25(3), 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410231003698929
Quick, B. L., & Bates, B. R. (2010). The use of gain- or loss-frame messages and efficacy appeals to dissuade excessive alcohol consumption among college students: A test of psychological reactance theory. Journal of Health Communication, 15(6), 603–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.499593
Quinn, S. C., Thomas, T., & McAllister, C. (2008). Lessons from the 2001 anthrax attack: A conceptual model for crisis and emergency risk communication. In M. W. Seeger, T. L. Sellnow, & R. R. Ulmer (Eds.), Crisis communication and the public health (pp. 23–42). Hampton Press Inc. https://works.bepress.com/tim_sellnow/23/
Raamkumar, A. S., Tan, S. G., & Wee, H. L. (2020). Use of health belief model–based deep learning classifiers for COVID-19 social media content to examine public perceptions of physical distancing: Model development and case study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(3), e20493. https://doi.org/10.2196/20493
Reynolds, B., & Seeger, M. W. (2014). Crisis and emergency risk communication—2014 edition. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/resources/pdf/cerc_2014edition.pdf
Ricard, J., & Medeiros, J. (2020). Using misinformation as a political weapon: COVID-19 and Bolsonaro in Brazil. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-013
Ritchie, D., Van den Broucke, S., & Van Hal, G. (2021). The health belief model and theory of planned behavior applied to mammography screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nursing, 38(3), 482–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12842
Ritter, Z. (2019). How much does the world trust journalists? Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/opinion/gallup/272999/world-trust-journalists.aspx
Romer, D., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020). Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. Social Science & Medicine, 263, 113356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356
Rosenstiel, T., & Mitchell, A. (2004). The impact of investing in newsroom resources. Newspaper Research Journal, 25(1), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/073953290402500107
Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education & Behavior, 2(4), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200403
Rosenstock, I. M., Strecher, V. J., & Becker, M. H. (1988). Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Education Quarterly, 15(2), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818801500203
Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9916.2007.00326.x
Schudson, M. (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism*. Journalism, 2(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490100200201
Seeger, M. W., & Reynolds, B. (2008). Crisis communication and the public health: Integrated approaches and new imperatives. In M. W. Seeger, T. L. Sellnow, & R. R. Ulmer (Eds.), Crisis communication and the public health (pp. 3–20). Hampton Press Inc.. https://works.bepress.com/tim_sellnow/23/
Sell, T. K., Boddie, C., McGinty, E. E., Pollack, K., Smith, K. C., Burke, T. A., & Rutkow, L. (2016). News media coverage of U.S. Ebola policies: Implications for communication during future infectious disease threats. Preventive Medicine, 93(Supplement C), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.09.016
Sheppard, B. H., Hartwick, J., & Warshaw, P. R. (1988). The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(3), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1086/209170
Silvia, P. J. (2005). Deflecting reactance: The role of similarity in increasing compliance and reducing resistance. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27(3), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2703_9
Southwell, B. G., Dolina, S., Jimenez-Magdaleno, K., Squiers, L. B., & Kelly, B. J. (2016). Zika virus–related news coverage and online behavior, United States, Guatemala, and Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(7), 1320–1321. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2207.160415
Stroud, N. J. (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. Oxford University Press.
Sturgis, P., & Allum, N. (2004). Science in society: Re-evaluating the deficit model of public attitudes. Public Understanding of Science, 13(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662504042690
Supran, G., & Oreskes, N. (2021). Rhetoric and frame analysis of ExxonMobil’s climate change communications. One Earth, 4(5), 696–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.014
Tejkalová, A. N., de Beer, A. S., Berganza, R., Kalyango, Y., Amado, A., Ozolina, L., Láb, F., Akhter, R., Moreira, S. V., & Masduki. (2017). In media we trust. Journalism Studies, 18(5), 629–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1279026
Tizzoni, M., Panisson, A., Paolotti, D., & Cattuto, C. (2020). The impact of news exposure on collective attention in the United States during the 2016 Zika epidemic. PLOS Computational Biology, 16(3), e1007633. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007633
Tsfati, Y., & Cohen, J. (2005). The influence of presumed media influence on Democratic legitimacy: The case of Gaza settlers. Communication Research, 32(6), 794–821. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650205281057
Tuchman, G. (1973). Making news by doing work: Routinizing the unexpected. American Journal of Sociology, 79(1), 110–131. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2776714
Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 577–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.577
van Gorp, B. (2005). Where is the frame? Victims and intruders in the Belgian press coverage of the asylum issue. European Journal of Communication, 20(4), 484–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323105058253
Veil, S. R., Reynolds, B., Sellnow, T. L., & Seeger, M. W. (2008). CERC as a theoretical framework for research and practice. Health Promotion Practice, 9(4 suppl), 26S–34S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908322113
Vicario, M. D., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(3), 554–559. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517441113
Vos, S. C., & Buckner, M. M. (2016). Social media messages in an emerging health crisis: Tweeting bird flu. Journal of Health Communication, 21(3), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1064495
Walter, D., Ophir, Y., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020). Russian Twitter accounts and the partisan polarization of vaccine discourse, 2015–2017. American Journal of Public Health, 110(5), 718–724. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305564
Walter, D., Ophir, Y., Lokmanoglu, A. D., & Pruden, M. L. (2022). Vaccine discourse in white nationalist online communication: A mixed-methods computational approach. Social Science & Medicine, 298, 114859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114859
Walter, N., & Tukachinsky, R. (2019). A meta-analytic examination of the continued influence of misinformation in the face of correction: How powerful is it, why does it happen, and how to stop it? Communication Research, 47(2), 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219854600
Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., & Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Social Science & Medicine, 240, 112552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552
Wasserman, H., & Madrid-Morales, D. (2019). An exploratory study of “fake news” and media trust in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa. African Journalism Studies, 40(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1627230
Yamey, G., & Gonsalves, G. (2020). Donald Trump: A political determinant of covid-19. BMJ, m1643. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1643
Zhang, X. (2020). Effects of freedom restoration, language variety, and issue type on psychological reactance. Health Communication, 35(11), 1316–1327. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1631565
Zimmerman, M. S. (2021). Health information-seeking behavior in the time of COVID-19: Information horizons methodology to decipher source path during a global pandemic. Journal of Documentation, 77(6), 1248–1264. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-01-2021-0022
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ophir, Y., Liu, A., Shah, P., Wang, R., Acosta, N., Gillis, S. (2024). Science and Health Journalism and Its Effects on Audiences. In: Walsh-Childers, K., McKinnon, M. (eds) Palgrave Handbook of Science and Health Journalism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49084-2_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49084-2_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-49083-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-49084-2
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)