Abstract
In this contribution, we make an attempt to write a theoretical proposal for designing an eco friendly thermal power plant which runs with cold nuclear fusion technology at a temperature of 1500–2000 °C. In our recently published papers, we have proposed a clear cut mechanism for understanding and implementing cold nuclear fusion technique pertaining to fusion of hydrogen with metals of mass numbers starting from 50. In this context, we would like to stress the point that, fusion of hydrogen under controllable temperature and pressure can be understood as a phenomenon of fusing neutron to the nucleus of the base atom. Part of isotopic nuclear binding energy difference of final and base atomic nuclides can be seen in the form of safe thermal energy of the order of (1–3) MeV per atom against 200 MeV released in nuclear fission of one Uranium atom. Due to increased heaviness and weak interaction, sometimes fused neutron splits into proton and electron. Proton seems to be retained by the base atom’s nuclear core and electron seems to join with the electronic orbits of the base atom. In this way, increased mass of base atomic nuclide helps in eco friendly production of thermal energy in large quantity. For this purpose we consider Iron-56 as a fuel. In a simplified view, under strong nuclear attractive forces, Iron-56 absorbs hydrogen atom as a neutron and by emitting 1 MeV equivalent thermal energy transforms to Iron-57. Thus, one gram of Iron-56 can generate 1000 MJ of heat with 50% efficiency. In a shortcut approach, by bombarding powder and semi-liquid forms of Iron-56 with direct neutrons coming from neutron source, our proposal can be tried, understood and verified experimentally.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- CNF:
-
Cold nuclear fusion
- LENR:
-
Low energy nuclear reaction
- HAN:
-
Heavy atomic nuclide
- SEMF:
-
Semi empirical mass formula
- SEWMF:
-
Strong and Electroweak mass formula
- \(A\):
-
Mass number
- \(A_{s}\):
-
Estimated mass number close to stability line
- \(Z\):
-
Proton number
- \(N\):
-
Neutron number
- \(BE\):
-
Nuclear binding energy
- \(B_{0}\):
-
Unified SEWMF binding energy coefficient
- \(m_{u}\):
-
Mass of Up quark
- \(m_{d}\):
-
Mass of Down quark
- \(\left( {m_{\pi } } \right)^{ \pm }\):
-
Mass of charged pion
- \(\left( {m_{\pi } } \right)^{0}\):
-
Mass of neutral pion
- \(\left( {m_{W} } \right)^{ \pm }\):
-
Mass of charged weak boson
- \(\left( {m_{Z} } \right)^{0}\):
-
Mass of neutral weak boson
- \(a_{v}\):
-
Volume energy coefficient
- \(a_{s}\):
-
Surface energy coefficient
- \(T_{z}\):
-
Third component of Isospin \(= \frac{1}{2}\left( {Z - N} \right)\)
- \(k_{v}\):
-
Volume energy coefficient pertaining to third component of Isospin
- \(k_{s}\):
-
Surface energy coefficient pertaining to third component of Isospin
- \(a_{c}\):
-
Coulombic energy coefficient
- \(f_{p}\):
-
Energy coefficient pertaining to Proton form factor
- \(E_{p}\):
-
Pairing energy coefficient
- \(d_{n}\):
-
Pairing energy coefficient pertaining to Neutron
- \(d_{p}\):
-
Pairing energy coefficient pertaining to Proton
- \(d_{np}\):
-
Pairing energy coefficient pertaining to Neutron and Proton
- \(X\):
-
Ratio of Coulombic energy term to Volume energy term of SEWMF
- \(X_{s}\):
-
Ratio of Coulombic energy term to Volume energy term of SEWMF at stable mass number
- \(Y\):
-
Ratio of Coulombic energy term to Volume energy term of SEMF
- \(Y_{s}\):
-
Ratio of Coulombic energy term to Volume energy term of SEMF at stable mass number
References
L.O. Freire, D.A. Andrade, Preliminary survey on cold fusion: it’s not pathological science and may require revision of nuclear theory. J. Electroanal. Chem. 903, 115871 (2021)
P. Ball, Lessons from cold fusion, 30 years on. Nature 569, 601 (2020)
J.-P. Biberian, Cold Fusion: Advances in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (Elsevier, 2020). ISBN: 0128159456, 9780128159453
E. Storms, Introduction to the main experimental findings of the LENR field. Curr. Sci. 108, 535–539 (2015)
U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana, On the role of nuclear binding energy in understanding cold nuclear fusion. Mapana J. Sci. 20(3), 29–42 (2021)
U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana, Small scale production of gold with tungsten like heavy and cheap metals via cold nuclear fusion associated with safe and secured hydration. Mat. Today: Proceed. 57(Part-2), 603–606 (2022)
U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana, On the possibility of fusing hydrogen with high level nuclear radioactive waste via cold nuclear fusion. 45th Indian Social Science Congress, 28 March-1 Apri1. B.S. Abdur Rahman, 2022. Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India. Hadron. J. 45, 357–368 (2022)
U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana, Energy, economical, environmental and medical applications of cold nuclear fusion of hydrogen with powder and liquid forms of metals. Innov. Sci. Tech. 1(3), 43–50 (2022)
X.W. Xia et al., The limits of the nuclear landscape explored by the relativistic continuum Hartree-Bogoliubov theory. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 121–122, 1–215 (2018)
U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana, On the combined role of strong and electroweak interactions in understanding nuclear binding energy scheme. Mapana J. Sci. 20(1), 1–18 (2021)
U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana, Strong and weak interactions in Ghahramany’s integrated nuclear binding energy formula. World Scient. News 161, 111–129 (2021)
U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana, H.K. Cherop, K.M. Khanna, Three Unified Nuclear Binding Energy Formulae. World Scient. News 163, 30–77 (2022)
U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana, Understanding the possibility of occurrence of cold nuclear fusion with strong and electroweak mass formula having negligible Coulombic energy. Submitted
V. Pines et al., Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals. Phys. Rev. C 101(4), 044609 (12 pages) (2020)
M. Steinetz Bruce, et al., Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals. Phys. Rev. C. 101(4), 044610 (13 pages) (2020)
A.G. Parkhomov, K.A. Alabin, S.N. Andreev et al., Nickel-hydrogen reactors: heat release, isotopic and elemental composition of fuel. RENSIT 9(1), 74–93 (2017)
G. Levi et al., Indication of anomalous heat energy production in a reactor device (2013). arXiv:1305.3913
N.D. Cook, A. Rossi, On the Nuclear Mechanisms Underlying the Heat Production by the E-Cat (2015). arXiv: 1504.01261 [physics.gen-ph]
T. Mizuno, J. Rothwell, Excess heat from palladium deposited on nickel. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 29, 1–12 (2019)
Y. Iwamura, T. Itoh, J. Kasagi, S. Murakami, M. Saito, Excess energy generation using a nano-sized multilayer metal composite and hydrogen gas. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 33, 1–13 (2020)
H. Leutwyler, On the history of the strong interaction. Mod. Phys. Lett. A 29(24), 1430023 (2014)
G. Rajasekaran, Fermi and the theory of weak interactions. Reson. 19(1), 18–44 (2014)
P.A. Zyla, Particle Data Group, et al., Review of particle physics. Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 8, 083C01 (2020)
Z.P. Gao, Y.J. Wang, H.L. Lü et al., Machine learning the nuclear mass. NUCL. SCI. TECH. 32, 109 (2021)
E.A. Storms, New source of energy using low-energy fusion of hydrogen. Environ. Sci. Ind. J. 13(2), 132 (2017)
https://iccf25.com/conf-data/iccf-25/files/ICCF25-book-of-abstracts_final.pdf
Acknowledgements
Authors are greatly inspired by Dr. Andera Rossi and other scientists for their dedicated experimental contributions in this most complicated and innovative field of nuclear research. Author Seshavatharam is indebted to professors shri M. Nagaphani Sarma, Chairman, shri K.V. Krishna Murthy, founder Chairman, Institute of Scientific Research in Vedas (I-SERVE), Hyderabad, India and Shri K.V.R.S. Murthy, former scientist IICT (CSIR), Govt. of India, Director, Research and Development, I-SERVE, for their valuable guidance and great support in developing this subject.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Seshavatharam, U.V.S., Lakshminarayana, S. (2024). To Develop an Eco-Friendly Cold Nuclear Thermal Power Plant by Considering Iron-56 as a Fuel. In: Zhao, J., Kadam, S., Yu, Z., Li, X. (eds) IGEC Transactions, Volume 1: Energy Conversion and Management. IAGE 2023. Springer Proceedings in Energy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48902-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48902-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-48901-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-48902-0
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)