Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

CCI Policymaking at the EU Level

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cultural and Creative Industries Policymaking

Part of the book series: New Directions in Cultural Policy Research ((NDCPR))

  • 27 Accesses

Abstract

The chapter offers an overview of European Union (EU) cultural and creative industries (CCI) policy under four decades, describing the development of an articulated culture programme in the 1990s to the increasingly elaborate CCI policy of the 2000s and 2010, where arguments for CCI are put forward in particular to develop EU economies. The chapter indicates key policy documents and the substantial increase in budgets when culture is linked to business development policy in the EU. The chapter offers a generalised but graspable snapshot of the development of policy related to CCI as a comparative basis for the study of CCI policymaking in Sweden at the national and subnational levels by describing the main objectives and instruments of EU CCI policy over time. The chapter is mainly descriptive with reference to key documents, whereas an analysis using the policy regime framework is offered in Chap. 6.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    After a consolidation of the two fundamental treaties of the EU (the Treaty on the European Union and the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union) following the agreement in 2007 of the Lisbon Treaty, the article stipulating EU action in relation to culture as referred above has number 167 (EU 2016).

References

  • Alexander, Victoria D., and Anne E. Bowler. 2014. Art at the Crossroads: The Arts in Society and the Sociology of Art. Poetics 43: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2014.02.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apeldoorn, Bastiaan van. 2009. The Contradictions of ‘Embedded Neoliberalism’ and Europe’s Multi-level Legitimacy Crisis: The European Project and Its Limits. In Contradictions and Limits of Neoliberal European Governance: From Lisbon to Lisbon, ed. Bastiaan van Apeldoorn, Jan Drahokoupil, and Laura Horn, 21–43. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bevir, Mark, and Ryan Phillips. 2017a. Introduction: Genealogies of European Governance. Comparative European Politics 15 (5): 685–704. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-016-0080-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2017b. EU Democracy and the Treaty of Lisbon. Comparative European Politics 15 (5): 705–728. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-016-0078-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borrás, Susana. 2007. The European Commission as Network Broker. European Integration Online Papers 11 (1): 19. https://ssrn.com/abstract=989930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borrás, Susana, and Claudio M. Radaelli. 2011. The Politics of Governance Architectures: Creation, Change and Effects of the EU Lisbon Strategy. Journal of European Public Policy 18 (4): 463–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruell, Cornelia. 2013. Creative Europe 2014–2020: A New Programme – A New Cultural Policy as Well? Stuttgart: IFA (Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen). https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-54757-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calligaro, Oriane, and with contribution of Antonios Vlassis. 2017. La politique européenne de la culture. Politique européenne 2 (56): 8–28. English translation: The European Policy of Culture: Between Economic Paradigm and the Rhetoric of Exception. Trans. Peter Collins, Ed. Matt Burden, Senior editor: Mark Mellor, Cadenza Academic Translations. https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/236145/1/E_POEU_056_0008%281%29.pdf.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, Thomas. 1997. Tensions of European Governance: Politicized Bureaucracy and Multiple Accountability in the European Commission. Journal of European Public Policy 4 (1): 73–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CoEU. 2002. European Union Council Resolution of 25 June 2002 on a New Work Plan on European Cooperation in the Field of Culture. C 162. Brussels: Council of the European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. Draft Council Conclusions on the Work Plan for Culture 2005–2006. 13839/04, CULT 102. Dated 29 October. Brussels: Council of the European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007a. Presidency Conclusions of the Brussels European Council 8–9 March 2007. 7224/07. Dated 9 March. Brussels: Council of the European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007b. Council Conclusions on the Contribution of the Cultural and Creative Sectors to the Achievement of the Lisbon Objectives. 9021/07, CULT 29. Dated 8 May. Brussels: Council of the European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007c. Resolution of the Council of 16 November 2007 on a European Agenda for Culture. C 287. Brussels: Council of the European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Conclusions of the Council and of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, Meeting Within the Council, on the Work Plan for Culture 2011–2014 (2010/C 325/01).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. Council Conclusions on Maximising the Role of Grassroots Sport in Developing Transversal Skills, Especially Among Young People (2015/C 172/03). Dated 27 May 2015. Brussels: Council of the European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2018. Council Conclusions on the Work Plan for Culture 2019–2022. C 460. Dated 21 December. Brussels: Council of the European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, Paul, and Dimitris Papadimitriou, eds. 2012. The EU’s Lisbon Strategy: Evaluating Success, Understanding Failure. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craufurd Smith, Rahael. 2015. The Cultural Logic of Economic Integration. In Cultural Governance and the European Union: Protecting and Promoting Cultural Diversity in Europe, ed. Evangelia Psychogiopoulou, 7–24. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dossi, Samuele. 2016. The Creative Europe Programme: European Implementation Assessment. PE 581.413. Brussels, European Parliamentary Research Service, Ex-Post Impact Assessment Unit. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2016/581413/EPRS_IDA(2016)581413_EN.pdf.

  • Dunn, William N. 2018. Public Policy Analysis: An Integrated Approach. 6th ed. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • EC. 1992. Treaty on European Union. Luxembourg, Council of the European Communities and Commission of the European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008. Conclusions of the Council and of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, Meeting Within the Council, on the Work Plan for Culture 2008–2010 (2008/C 143/06). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A42008X0610%2801%29

  • ———. 2010a. Unlocking the Potential of Cultural and Creative Industries. Green Paper, dated 27 April. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010b. Europe 2020: A European Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Commission Staff Working Paper: Impact Assessment Accompanying the Document Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a Creative Europe Framework Programme. SEC(2011) 1399 Final. Dated 23 November. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012. Promoting Cultural and Creative Sectors for Growth and Jobs in the EU. European Commission: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2012) 537 Final. Dated 26 September. Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2018a. A New European Agenda for Culture. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, SWD(2018) 267 Final. Dated 22 May. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2018b. A New European Agenda for Culture – Background Information. Commission Staff Working Document. SWD(2018) 167 Final. Dated 22 May. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2018c. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing the Creative Europe Programme (2021 to 2027) and Repealing Regulation (EU) No 1295/2013. COM(2018) 366 Final, 2018/0190 (COD). Dated 30 May. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2019. Assessment of the Europe 2020 Strategy: Joint Report of the Employment Committee (EMCO) and Social Protection Committee (SPC). Brussels: European Commission, and Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2020a. Strategic Framework – European Agenda for Culture, Website. Brussels: European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/culture/policy/strategic-framework_en.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2020b. Culture in Cities and Regions, Website. Brussels: European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/culture/policy/culture-policies/cities-regions_en.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2021a. European Council, Council of the European Union, Website. Brussels: European Council and the Council of the European Union. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2021b. Creative Europe 2021–2027: Push Boundaries. Brussels: European Commission, Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/794740.

    Google Scholar 

  • ECOTEC. 2007. Final External Evaluation of the Culture 2000 Programme (2000–2006) – Framework Contract on Evaluation, Impact Assessment and Related Services: A Final Report for the Directorate General Education & Culture of the European Commission. C3345. Birmingham: ECOTEC. https://ec.europa.eu/culture/sites/culture/files/culture-2000-evaluation-2008_en.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • EP. 2003. European Parliament Resolution on Cultural Industries. P5 TA(2003)0382, 2002/2127(INI). Strasbourg: European Parliament.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008. Cultural Industries in Europe, P6_TA(2008)0123. European Parliament Resolution of 10 April 2008 on Cultural Industries in Europe (2007/2153(INI)) (2009/C 247 E/06).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. Regulation (EU) No. 1295/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 Establishing the Creative Europe Programme (2014 to 2020) and Repealing Decisions No 1718/2006/EC, No 1855/2006/EC and No 1041/2009/EC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32013R1295&from=EN#d1e527-221-1. Accessed 10 June 2022.

  • ———. 2021. The Treaty of Lisbon, Website. Strasbourg: European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/5/the-treaty-of-lisbon.

    Google Scholar 

  • ESSnet-Culture. 2012. ESSnet-Culture Final Report. Luxemburg: European Statistical System Network on Culture (ESSnet-Culture). https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/culture/library/reports/ess-net-report_en.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • EU. 2012. Policy Handbook on How to Strategically Use the EU Support Programmes, Including Structural Funds, to Foster the Potential of Culture for Local, Regional and National Development and the Spill-over Effects on the Wider Economy? Brussels: European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/culture/library/publications/cci-policy-handbook_en.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. Regulation (EU) No 1295/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 Establishing the Creative Europe Programme (2014 to 2020) and Repealing Decisions No 1718/2006/EC, No 1855/2006/EC and No 1041/2009/EC. Brussels: European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. Good Practice Report on the Cultural and Creative Sectors’ Export and Internationalisation Support Strategies. Open Method of Coordination (OMC) Working Group of EU Member States’ Experts on Cultural and Creative Sectors. Brussels: European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 2016/C 202/01. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12016ME/TXT&from=EN#d1e4484-47-1.

  • ———. 2018a. Interim Evaluation of the Creative Europe Programme and Ex-post Evaluation of the Culture, MEDIA 2007 and MEDIA Mundus Programmes: Final Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/90b7f456-af71-11e8-99ee-01aa75ed71a1.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2018b. The Role of Public Policies in Developing Entrepreneurial and Innovation Potential of the Cultural and Creative Sectors. Report of the OMC (Open Method of Coordination) Working Group of Member States’ Experts. Luxembourg: Publications office of the European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2018c. Council Conclusions on the Work Plan for Culture 2019–2022 (2018/C 460/10). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018XG1221%2801%29.

  • Garcia, Beatriz, and Tamsin Cox. 2013. European Capitals of Culture: Success Strategies and Long-term Effects. Report for the European Parliament’s Committee on Culture and Education. Brussels: Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies: Culture and Education. https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3002251/1/Garcia(2013)ECoCSuccess+LongTermEffects.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, Christopher. 2010. Great Expectations – The European Union and Cultural Policy: Fact or Fiction? International Journal of Cultural Policy 16 (2): 101–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howlett, Michael, M. Ramesh, and Anthony Perl. 2009. Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems. 3rd ed. Don Mills: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, Scott. 2012. The Origins and Evolution of the Lisbon Agenda. In The EU’s Lisbon Strategy: Evaluating Success, Understanding Failure, ed. Paul Copeland and Dimitris Papadimitriou, 8–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, William I. 1978. Policy Analysis: A Political and Organisational Perspective. London: Martin Robertson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandyla, Anna. 2015. The Creative Europe Programme: Policy-making Dynamics and Outcomes. In Cultural Governance and the European Union: Protecting and Promoting Cultural Diversity in Europe, ed. Evangelia Psychogiopoulou, 49–60. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • KEA. 2006. The Economy of Culture in Europe. Study Prepared for the European Commission (Directorate-General for Education and Culture). Brussels: KEA European Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012. The Use of Structural Funds for Cultural Projects. IP/B/CULT/FWC/2010-001/Lot4/C2/SC1. Brussels: Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies: Culture and Education. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a4ee28f2-fb29-4474-a6c9-3069de3d510b.

    Google Scholar 

  • KEA, and PPMI. 2019. Research for CULT Committee – Culture and Creative Sectors in the European Union – Key Future Developments, Challenges and Opportunities. Brussels: European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/629203/IPOL_STU(2019)629203_EN.pdf.

  • KMU. 2016. Boosting the Competitiveness of Cultural and Creative Industries for Growth and Jobs. (EASME/COSME/2015/003) Final Report for the European Commission, Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs Directorate Innovation and Advanced Manufacturing Unit Tourism, Emerging and Creative Industries F.4. Vienna: KMU Forschung Austria (Austrian Institute for SME Research) and VVA Europe. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/723a331a-d6be-45e3-8475-8ce6ca0ee050.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kröger, Sandra. 2009. The Open Method of Coordination: Underconceptualisation, Overdetermination, Depoliticisation and Beyond. In What We Have Learnt: Advances, Pitfalls and Remaining Questions in OMC Research. Special Issue ed. Sandra Kröger, European Integration Online Papers Special Issue 1, 13, Art. 5. http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2009-005a.htm.

  • Langen, Floris Antal Freek. 2010. EU Cultural Policy 1974–2007. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Glasgow: Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies, University of Glasgow. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/2149/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littoz-Monnet, Annabelle. 2015. Encapsulating EU Cultural Policy into the EU’s Growth and Competitiveness Agenda: Explaining the Success of a Paradigmatic Shift in Brussels. In Cultural Governance and the European Union: Protecting and Promoting Cultural Diversity in Europe, ed. Evangelia Psychogiopoulou, 25–36. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattocks, Kate. 2018. Co-ordinating Co-ordination: The European Commission and the Culture Open Method of Co-ordination. Journal of Common Market Studies 56 (2): 318–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, Christoph O., Ingo Linsenmann, and Wolfgang T. Wessels. 2007. The Limitation of European Economic Governance: Loose Policy Co-ordination and the Commitment-implementation Gap. In Economic Government of the EU: A Balance Sheet of New Modes of Coordination, ed. Ingo Linsenmann, Christoph O. Meyer, and Wolfgang T. Wessels, 211–233. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Minichbauer, Raimund. 2011. Chanting the Creative Mantra: The Accelerating Economization of EU Cultural Policy. In Critique of Creativity: Precarity, Subjectivity and Resistance in the ‘Creative Industries’, ed. Gerald Raunig, Gene Ray, and Ulf Wuggenig, 147–163. London: MayFlyBooks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry, Matthew, and Magdalena SapaÅ‚a. 2018. 2021−2027 Multiannual Financial Framework and New Own Resources: Analysis of the Commission’s Proposal. PE 625.148. Brussels: European Parliamentary Research Service, European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasikowska-Schnass, Magdalena. 2019. Employment in the Cultural and Creative Sectors. European Parliament Think Tank Briefing, PE 642.264. Brussels: European Parliamentary Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2019)642264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peacock, Alan, and Ilde Rizzo, eds. 1994. Cultural Economics and Cultural Policies. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassatelli, Monica. 2007. The Arts, the State, and the EU: Cultural Policy in the Making of Europe. Social Analysis 51 (1): 28–41. https://doi.org/10.3167/sa.2007.510103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shore, Chris. 2006. ‘In uno plures’ (?): EU Cultural Policy and the Governance of Europe. Cultural Analysis 5: 7–26. https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~culturalanalysis/volume5/vol5_article1.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Södersten, Anna, ed. 2019. The Lisbon Treaty 10 Years On: Success or Failure? Report No. 2. Stockholm: Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies (SIEPS). https://www.sieps.se/en/publications/2019/the-lisbon-treaty-10-years-on-success-or-failure/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsaliki, Liza. 2007. The Construction of European Identity and Citizenship Through Cultural Policy. In Media and Cultural Policy in the European Union, European Studies Series, vol. 24, 157–182. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401204156_010.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Raymond. 1976. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. London: Fontana Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1981. Culture. London: Fontana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeitlin, Jonathan. 2011. Is the Open Method of Coordination an Alternative to the Community Method? In The ‘Community Method’: Obstinate or Obsolete? ed. Renaud Dehousse, 135–147. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Service Studies, Lund University, Helsingborg, Sweden

    Katja Lindqvist

Authors
  1. Katja Lindqvist
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katja Lindqvist .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lindqvist, K. (2024). CCI Policymaking at the EU Level. In: Cultural and Creative Industries Policymaking. New Directions in Cultural Policy Research. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48094-2_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation