Abstract
The effects of operational refining variables on the structural modifications of eucalyptus pulp fibers are presented one-by-one based on studies carried out in a refining pilot plant. In this way, it is possible to identify the most important operational variables, in terms of their direct effects on the desired quality of the refined pulp. The beating process in laboratory is also described considering the most usual laboratory beaters.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Danforth, D. W. ā Analyzing stock preparation. Chemical 26 ā Magazine of Paper Processing, 4 (11): 30 (1968)
Bugajer, S.; Silva, O. F. and Pires, F. ā InfluĆŖncia do pH na refinaĆ§Ć£o de pastas celulĆ³sicas. In: 17Ā° Congresso Anual da ABCP. SĆ£o Paulo. 1984 pgs. 31ā39.
Cotterill, P. and Macrae, S. ā Improving eucalyptus pulp and paper quality using genetic selection and good organization. Tappi Journal, 80 (6):82-89 (1997).
Johansson, A. ā Correlations between fibre properties and paper properties. Masterās Thesis in Pulp Technology. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2011 49 pgs www.diva-poal.org/smash/get/diva2D:505453/FULLTEXT01
Ć kerholm, M. ā Ultrastructural aspects of pulp fibers as studied by dynamic FT-IR spectroscopy. Doctoral Thesis. Royal Institute of Technology. Stockholm, 2003 71 pgs http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:9438/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
Annergren, G. ā Fundamentals of pulp fiber quality and paper properties. In: Pulping Conference. TAPPI, Orlando. 1999 pgs: 29ā39
Antolovich, E. ā Method of treating bleached pulp on a washer with calcium ions to remove sodium ions. U.S. Patent no 5,273,625 (1993) https://patents.justia.com/patent/5273625.
Ampulski, R. S. ā Influence of fiber surface charge on tensile strength. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Denver. 1985 pg. 9.
Lyytikainen, K.; Saukkonen, E.; Kajanto, I. and Kayhko, J. ā The effect of hemicellulose extraction on fibre charge properties and retention behavior of kraft pulp fibres, Bioresources, 6 (1): 219ā231 (2011).
Magaton, A. S.; Colodette, J. L.; Gouvea, A. F. G.; Gomide, J. L.; Muguet, M. C. S. and Pedrazzin, C. ā Eucalyptus wood quality and its impact on kraft pulp production and use. Tappi Journal, 8 (8): 32ā39 (2009).
Foelkel, C. E. B. and Dalmolin, I. ā Improving eucalyptus pulp refining through the control of pulp consistency and stock pH: comparisons at given bulk and given tensile strength. In: Papermakers Conference, TAPPI, Atlanta: 01-04/03/1999 Volume 2 pgs: 751ā754
Paavilainen, L. ā Quality ā competitiveness of Asian short-fibre raw materials in different paper grades. Papperi Ja Puu, 82 (3): 156 (1998).
Kibblewhite, R. P.; Bawden, A. D. and Hughes, M. C. ā Hardwood market kraft fibre and pulp qualities. Appita, 44 (5): 325ā332 (1991).
Joutsimo, O. P. and Asikainen, S. ā Effect of fiber wall pore structure on pulp sheet density of softwood kraft pulp fibers. BioResources, 8 (2):2719ā2737 (2013).
Setasith, S, ā Effect of compressive and abrasive refining on structural changes in fiber and paper. Masterās Thesis. Aalto University. Espoo, 2014 84 pgs https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/13458/master_Setasith_Suchart_2014.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Baker, C. ā Refining and improved paper machine runnability. In: African Pulp and Paper Week. TAPPSA (2004) http://www.tappsa.co.za/archive2/APPW_2004/Title_2004/Refining_and_improved_paper_machine_runnability.html
Sigl, R. ā Low intensity refining of hardwood and deinked pulps with a new generation of filling. Twogether ā Paper Technology Journal (8): 7ā11 (1999).
Lindqvist, H. ā Improvement of wet and dry web properties in papermaking by controlling water and fiber quality. Academic Dissertation, Ć bo Akademi University. Ć bo., 2013 85 pgs
Tiikkaja, E. ā Fibre properties and paper machine runnability. In: Engineering/Process and Product Quality Conference & Trade Fair. TAPPI, Anaheim, 1999 Volume 3 pgs. 1241ā1242.
Tiikkaja, E.; Kauppinen, M. and Glorigiano, P. ā Fibre dimensions, their effect on paper properties and required measuring accuracy. In: XXXI Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 1998 pgs. 397ā402.
Demler, C. L. and Pitz, M. ā Comparison of conventionally, ECF and TCF bleached hardwood pulp refining response. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 9 8 pgs.
Seth, R. S. ā The importance of fibre coarseness for pulp properties. In: 77th Annual Technical Meeting. CPPA, Montreal: 1991 pg. 251.
Malan, F. S.; Male, J. R. and Venter, J. S. M. ā Relationship between the properties of eucalyptus wood and some chemical, pulp and paper properties. Paper Southern Africa, 14 (1): 6ā16 (1994).
Barrichelo, L. E. G. ā Estudo das caracterĆsticas fĆsicas, anatĆ“micas e quĆmicas da madeira de Pinus caribeae Mor. Var. hondurensis Barr. Golf para a produĆ§Ć£o de celulose kraft. Tese de Livre DocĆŖncia ā ESALQ/USP (1979).
Silva Jr., F. G. da; Valle, C. F. do e Muner, J. C. G. ā Programa de qualidade da madeira da Votorantim Celulose e Papel ā VCP. O Papel, 57 (1): 35ā43 (1996).
Piirainen, R. and Paavilainen, L. ā Fiber length measurement in the pulp and paper industry. In: International Process and Materials Quality Evaluations Conference. TAPPI, Atlanta, 1986 pgs. 67ā73.
Ferreira, P. J. and Figueiredo, M. M. ā Efeito do cozimento e da refinaĆ§Ć£o nas dimensƵes transversais das fibras de E. globulus. O Papel, 62 (01: 73ā80 (2000).
Green, S. I. ā Pulp fibre drag coefficient. Appita Journal, 59 (2): 120ā126 (2006).
Pere, J.; Sika-Aho, M. and Vikar, L; ā Biomechanical pulping with enzymes: Response of coarse mechanical pulp to enzymatic modification and secondary refining. Tappi Journal, 83 (5): 8 pgs (2000).
Ramires, H.; Oliveira, R. C.; Rubini, B.; Demuner, B. J.; Pavan, P. ā Aumento da proporĆ§Ć£o de fibra de eucalipto na formulaĆ§Ć£o de papeis tissue e avaliaĆ§Ć£o de suas propriedades. In: 46th International Pulp and Paper Congress, ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 2013 9 pgs.
Ratnieks, E. and Foelkel, C. E. B. ā Uma discussĆ£o teĆ³rioco-prĆ”tica sobre polpas de eucalipto para a fabricaĆ§Ć£o de papel ātissueā. In: XXIX Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 1996 pgs. 717ā734.
Foelkel, C. ā The Eucalyptus fibers and the kraft pulp quality requirements for paper manufacturing. Eucalyptus Online Book & Newsletter.- Chapter 3 (Feb/Mar) 2007 ā 42 pgs www.eucalyptus.com.br/capitulos/ENG03_fibers.pdf
GonƧalves, D. ā The eucalyptus fiber for tissue papers. In: 7th Brazilian Symposium on the Chemistry of Lignin and Other Wood Components. UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 2001 p. 317ā323.
BotkovĆ”, M.; Å utĆ½, Å .; JablonskĆ½, M.; KuÄerkovĆ”, L. and VrÅ”ka, M. ā Monitoring of kraft pulps swelling in water. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 47 (1ā2): 95ā102 (2013).
Guo, X.; Dong, J.; Liu, H.; Duan, C.; Yang, R. and Qi, K. ā Effect of combined refining plates with different bar angles on paper properties during mixed pulp refining. Journal of Korean Wood Science and Technology, 48 (5): 581ā590 (2020).
Page, D. H. ā A theory for tensile strength of paper. Tappi, 52 (4): 674ā681 (1969).
Pulkkinen, I.; Alopaeus, V.; Fiskari, J. and Joutsimo, O. ā O uso de dados sobre espessura da parede da fibra para prediĆ§Ć£o das propriedades de folhas de laboratĆ³rio de polpa de eucalipto. O Papel, 69 (19): 71ā85 (2008).
Paavilainen, L. ā Importance of cross-dimensional fibre properties and coarseness for the characteristics of softwood sulphate pulp. Paperi ja Puu, 75 (5): 35ā43 (1993)
Korteoja, M. J.; Salminen, L. I.; Niskanen, K. J. and Alava, M. ā Statistical variation of paper strength. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 24 (1): 1ā6 (1998).
Yan, H.; Norman, B.; Lindstrƶm, T. and Ankefors, M. ā Fibre length effect on fibre suspension flocculation and sheet formation. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 21 (1): 30ā35 (2006).
Lindholm, C.-A. ā Determining optimum combinations of mechanical pulp fractions. Paperi ja Puu, 65 (4): 243ā245, 247ā250 (1983).
Vuorinen, T.; Buchert, J.; Teleman, A.; Tenkanen, M. and Fagerstrƶm, P. ā Selective hydrolysis of HexA groups and its application in ECF and TCF bleaching of kraft pulps. In: International Pulp Bleaching Conference. TAPPI, Atlanta, 1996, pgs. 43ā51.
Ramezani, O. and Nazhad, M. M. ā The effect of refining on paper formation. TAPPSA Technical Articles http://www.tappsa.co.za/html/The_effect_of_refining_on_paper_formation.html
Gurnagul, N., Page, D. H. and Seth, R. S. ā Dry sheet properties of Canadian hardwood kraft pulps. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 16 (1): 36ā41 (1990).
Kerekes, R. J. and Schell, C. J. ā Effects of fiber length and coarseness on pulp flocculation. Tappi Journal, 78 (2): 133ā139 (1995).
Lundin, T. ā Tailoring pulp fibre properties in low consistency refining. Academic dissertation, Ć bo Akademi University, Abo, 2008 259 pgs www.researchgate.net/publication/261286869_Tailoring_pulp_fibre_properties_in_low_consistency_refing_diss/link/543cfc4e0cf2c432f7423263
Pikulik, I. I.; McDonald, J. D.; Mentele, C. J. and Lange, D. V. ā The refining, forming, and pressing on fine paper quality. Tappi Journal, 81 (6): 122ā130 (1998).
KƤrenlampi, P.; Rantanen, R.; HƤmƤlƤinen, T. and Suur-Hamari, H. ā Opacitt, smoothness and toughness of mechanical printing papers: the effect of softwood kraft pulp properties. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Philadelphia, 1996 pgs. 153ā160.
Retulainen, E. ā Fibre properties as control variables in papermaking? Part 1: fibre properties of key importance in the network. Paperi ja Puu, 78 (4): 187ā194 (1996).
Kibblewhite, R. P. ā Reinforcement and optical properties of separate and co-refined softwood and eucalypt market kraft pulps. Appita Journal, 47 (2): 149ā153, 158 (1994).
Santos, A.; Anjos, O. M. and SimƵes, R. M. S. ā Influence of kraft cooking conditions on the pulp quality of Eucalyptus globulus. Appita Journal, 61 (2): 148ā155 (2008).
Gurnagul, N. and Seth, R. S. ā Wet-web strength of hardwood kraft pulps. In: 83rd Annual Meeting Technical Section. CPPA, Montreal, 1997 Book B pgs. B137ā145.
Demuner, B. J.; Manfredi, V. and Claudio-da-Silva Jr., E. ā O refino da celulose de eucalipto ā uma anĆ”lise fundamental. O Papel, 52 (8): 44 ā 54 (1990).
McKenzie, A. W. ā Interpretation of pulp evaluation results. Appita Journal, 38 (4): 284ā290 (1985).
Stevens, W. V. ā Refining. In: Pulp and Paper Manufacture ā Volume 6. Ed. Hagemeyer, R.W., Manson, D.W. and Kocurek, M.J. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, Atlanta/Montreal, 1992: 187ā219 (1992).
Koskenhely, K. ā Refining of chemical pulp fibres. In: Papermaking Science and Technology. Volume 8 ā Paper making part 1 ā stock preparation and wet end, Chapter 4. Ed. Paulapuro, H. Finnish Paper Engineersā Association/Paperi ja Puu Oy, Helsinki: 2007.
Sharkawya, K. E.; Haavistob, S.; Koskenhely, K. and Paulapuroa, H. ā Effect of fiber flocculation and filling design on refiner loadability and refining characteristics. BioResources, 3 (2): 403ā424 (2008).
Ryu, J-H.; Kim, C-H.; Lee, J-H.; Lee, J-S.; Lee, C-H. and Park, J-H. ā Study of refining effect of mixed pulps using refiner plates with different bar patterns. Applied Sciences, 12: 11445 (2022).
Seth, R. S. ā Optimizing reinforcement pulps by fracture toughness. Tappi Journal, 79 (1): 170ā178 (1996).
Niskanen, K.; KƤrenlampi, P. and Alava, M. ā Stochastic analysis of paper toyghness. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 22 (10): 392ā397 (1996).
Page, D. H. and Seth, R. S. ā The problem of pressroom runnability. Tappi Journal, 65 (8): 92ā95 (1982).
Clark, J. dāA. ā Mill beating and Refining, In: Pulp Technology and Treatment of Paper. Miller Freeman, San Francisco, 1978 516 pgs.
Seth, R. S. ā Fiber quality factors in papermaking ā II: the importance of fibre coarseness. In: Materials Interactions Relevant to the Pulp, Paper and Wood Industries. Research Society Symposium, San Francisco, 1990 Volume 197 pgs. 143ā161.
Lazar, D. R.; Foelkel, C. E. B. and Seiter, D. F. ā Effective TCF bleaching of eucalyptus to market brightness. In: International Pulp Bleaching Conference. TAPPI/CPPA/SPCI/EUCEPA, Vancouver:, 1994 pgs. 69ā76.
McKenzie, A. W. ā The tear-tensile relationship in softwood pulps. Appita, 42 (3): 215 (1989).
Silva Jr., F. G. da e Braga, E. P. ā Potencialidade da seleĆ§Ć£o cde E. urophylla em funĆ§Ć£o da qualidade da madeira destinada Ć produĆ§Ć£o de celulose. In: XXX Congresso anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 1997 pg. 281ā292.
Bourmaud, A.; Morvan, C.; Bouali, A.; Placet, V.; Perre, P. and Baley, C. ā Relationships between micro-fibrillar angle, mechanical properties and biochemical composition of flax fibers. In: Composites Week @ Leuven and Texcomp Conference, Leuven. 2013 pgs. 2ā4.
Paavilainen, L. ā Importance of coarseness and fiber length in papermaking. In: Process Engineering Handbook. Ed. Process Engineering Committee of the Engineering Division. Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1992, 2nd Edition Appendix: 98ā108.
Seth, R. S. ā Beating and refining response of some reinforcement pulps. Tappi Journal, 82 (3): 147ā155 (1999).
Melander, E. ā The effect of charged groups on the beatability of pulp fibres. Bachelor Thesis, KTH, Stockholm, 2011 31 pgs https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:425918/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Paavilainen, L. ā Effect of sulphate cooking parameters on the papermaking potential of pulp fibres. Paperi ja Puu, 71 (4): 356ā363 (1989).
Gurnagul, N.; Ju, S.; Shallhorn, P. and Miles, K. ā Optimizing high-consistency refining conditions for good sack paper quality. Appita Journal, 59 (6): 476ā480 (2006).
Singh, S. V. and Rai, A. K. ā Suface property inter-relationship in wood-free paper. IPPTA, 5 (4): 9ā15 (1993).
Higgins, H. G. ā Pulp and paper. In: Eucalyptus for wood production. Ed. Hillis, W. E. and Brown, A. G., CSIRO/Academic Press. London Capitulo 13 pg 290ā316.
Moore, G. K. and Jopson, R. N. ā The onward march of eucalyptus. Paper 360Ā°, September): 14ā15 (2008).
Carvalho, H. G. de; Oliveira, R. C. de; Gomide, J. L. and Colodette, J. L. ā Efeito da idade de corte da madeira e de variĆ”veis de refino nas propriedades da celulose kraft branqueada de eucalipto. In: XXXI Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 1998 pg. 367ā381.
Kibblewhite, R. P. ā Qualities of kraft and thermomechanical radiata pine papermaking fibres. In: 8th Fundamental Research symposium. BP&BMA, Oxford, 1985 Volume 1 pgs. 93ā131.
Scott, W. E. ā Principles of wet end chemistry. Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1996 185 pgs.
Arjas, A.; Huuskonen, J. and Rythi, N ā Principles of the evaluation of the performance of a beating-machine and of the beating result. Part II. Paperi ja Puu, 52 (4): 268y, 379 (A1970) and 52 (6): 379 (1970)
Cort, J. B.; Sabourin, M. J. and Musselman, R. L. ā Optimized low intensity post refining: lower energy and superior pulp quality. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 19 10 pgs.
Ferreira, C.; Fantini JĆŗnior, M.; Oliveira, R.C. de; Colodette, J.L. and Gomide, J.L. ā CritĆ©rios de seleĆ§Ć£o de clones para maximizar rendimento e qualidade da celulose. In: ColĆ³quio Internacional sobre Celulose Kraft de Eucalipto, UFV, ViƧosa, 2003 pgs. 39ā58.
Wang, X.; Maloney, T. C. and Paulapuro, H. ā Internal fibrillation in never-dried and once-dried chemical pulps. Appita Journal, 56 (6): 455ā459 (2003).
Beck, M. V. ā The importance of wet end equipment and its influence on retention. In: Retention of Fines and Fillers During Papermaking. Gess, J. M. Ed. Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1998, Chapter 7 pgs. 129ā158.
Baker, C. F. ā Good practice for refining the types of fiber found in modern paper furnishes. Tappi Journal, 78 (2): 147ā157 (1995).
Rudie, A. W. ā Wood and how it relates with wood products. Tappi Journal, 81 (5): 223ā228 (1998).
Kimmo, H.; Markku, P. and HĆ„kan, S. ā New trends and technology in refining. IPPTA Journal, 24 (1): 109ā113 (2012).
Baker, C. F. ā Refining review ā changes in refining practice with new sources of fibre. World Pulp and Paper Technology: 95ā97, 99 (1992).
Foelkel, C ā Papermaking properties of Eucalyptus trees, woods, and pulp fibers. Eucalyptus Online Book & Newsletter.- Chapter 14 (Jul) 2009 110 pgs www.eucalyptus.com.br/eucaliptos/ENG14.pdf
Lundqvist, S-O. ā Efficient wood and fiber characterization ā a key factor in research and operation. Annals of Forest Science, 59: 491ā501 (2002).)
Demuner, B. J., Ratnieks, E. and Robinson, D. ā Ultra low intensity refining of eucalyptus pulps. In: Refining and Mechanical Pulping Conference. PIRA, Barcelona, 2005 Paper 7.
Stark, H. ā Pulp properties of TCF pulps. In: Emerging Pulping & Bleaching Technologies Workshop. TAPPI, Durhan, 1995 Section Bleaching III.
BƤckstrƶm, M ā The effect of environment on refining efficiency of kraft pulps. Doctoral Thesis in Fibre and Polymer Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2020 53 pgs www.diva-portal.org/smash/getdiva2:1456955/FULLTEXT01
Taher, M. R. B. ā Tailored low consistency refining for targeted fiber properties. Masterās Thesis, Abo Akademi, Gadolinia, 2020 50 pgs. www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/177080/taher_md.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
Josephson, W.; Jansson, U.; Sezgi, U. S. and Fagerstrƶn, K. ā Low consistency refining of a non-conventionally cooked pulp. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Atlanta, 1999 Book 2 pgs. 729ā739.
Lennholm, H. and Iversen, T. ā The effects of laboratory beating on cellulose structure. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 10 (2): 104ā109 (1995).
Scallan, A. M. and Tigerstrƶm, A. C. ā Swelling and elasticity of the cell walls of pulp fibres. Jornal of Pulp and Paper Science, 18 (5): 188ā193 (1992).
Sjƶsted A. ā Preparation and characterization of nanoporous cellulose fibres and their use in new material concepts. Doctoral Thesis. KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Stockholm, 2014 65 pgs. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:761478/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Smook, G. A. ā Preparation of papermaking stock In: Handbook of Pulp and Paper Thechnologists ā Chapter 13. Angus Wilde, 2002. pgs 190ā204
Sjƶstrƶm, E. ā Production of microfibrillated cellulose by LC-refining. Masterās Thesis, Abo Akademi, 2018 77 pgs https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/165125
Gharehkhani, S.; Sadeghinezhada, E.; Kazi, S. N.; Yarmanda, H.; Badarudina, A.; Safaei, M. R. and Zubir, M. N. M. ā Effect of pulp consistency during refining of pulp refining on fiber propertiesāA review. Carbohydrate Polymers Journal, 115: 785ā803 (2015).
SalmĆ©n, L. ā Micromechanical understanding of the cell-wall structure. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 327 (9ā10):873ā880 (2004 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631069104001726
Grignon, J. and Scallan, A. M. ā The effect of pH and neutral salts upon the swelling of cellulose gels. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 25: 2829 (1990).
Berthold, J. and SalmĆ©n, L. ā Effects of mechanical and chemical treatments on the pore-size distribution in wood pulps examined by inverse size-exclusion chromatography. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 23 (6): 245ā253 (1997).
Dinus, R. J. and Welt, T. ā Tailoring fiber properties to paper manufacture: recent developments. Tappi Journal, 80 (4): 127ā139 (1997).
Higgins, H. G.; Young, J. de; Balodis, V.; Phillips, F. H. and Colley, J. ā The density and structure of hardwoods in relation to paper surface characteristics and other properties. In: Process Engineering Handbook. Ed. Process Engineering Committee of the Engineering Division. Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1992, 2nd Edition Appendix: 77ā81.
Waterhouse, J. F. and Riipa, T. ā Hardwoods from softwoods? In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 12 24 pgs.
Clayton, D.; Easty, D.; Einspahr, D.; Lonsky, W.; Malcon, E.; McDonough, T.; Schroeder, L. and Thompson, N. ā Part I- chemistry of alkaline pulping. In: Pulp and Paper Manufacture ā Alkaline Pulping, Volume 5. Grace, T. M.; Leopold, B.; Malcon, E. W. and Kokureck, M. J. Ed. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, Atlanta/Montreal, 1989, 3th Edition, pgs. 1ā128.
Jardim, C. ā VariaƧƵes na densidade bĆ”sica da madeira versus impacto no processo produtivo. In: 1Ā° Encontro de Operadores de PĆ”tio de Madeira e 5Ā° Encontro de Operadores de Linhas de Fibras. ABTCP. 2019.
Demuner, B. J. Viana Doria, E. L.; Claudio-da-Silva Jr., E. and Manfredi, V. ā As propriedades do papel e as caracterĆsticas das fibras de eucalipto. In: XXIV Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 1991 pgs. 621ā641.
Backstrom, M. and Jensen, A. ā Modified kraft pulping to high kappa numbers. In: Annual General Conference. APPITA, (cidade: 1999 Volume 1 pgs. 101ā109.
El-Hosseiny, F. ā Influence of the āGiertz effectā on development of short-span compression strength. Tappi Journal, 81 (2): 177ā180 (1996).
Genco, J. M. ā Fundamental process in stock preparation and refining. In: Pulping Conference. TAPPI, Orlando, /1999 pgs. 57ā95.
Claudio-da-Silva Jr, E. ā The Flexibility of pulp fibers ā a structural approach. In: International Paper Physics Conference. TAPPI/CPPA, Harwichport, 1983 pgs. 13ā25.
Regmed IndĆŗstria TĆ©cnica de PrecisĆ£o Ltda. www.regmed.com.br
Parhan, P. A. ā Wood physical properties. In: Pulp and Paper Manufacture ā Volume 1 ā Properties of Fibrous Raw Materials and Their Preparation for Pulping. Ed. Kocureck, M. J. and Stevens, C. F. B. The Technical Committee of the Paper Industry, Atlanta/Montreal, 1983 pg. 46ā54
Evans, R.; Kibblewhite, R. P. and Lausberg, M. ā Relationships between wood and pulp properties of twenty-five 13 year old radiata pine trees. Appita Journal, 52 (2): 133ā139 (1999).
Dias, R. L. V. and Claudio-da-Silva Jr., E ā Pulp and paper properties as influenced by wood density. In: 8th Fundamental Research Symposium. PIRA, Oxford, 1995 pgs. 7ā35.
Dowens, G. M. ā Wood properties of interest in plantation productivity. In: Sampling Plantation Eucalyptus for Wood and Fibres Properties. Chapter 1. Ed. Dewens, G. M. et al CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 1997 pgs. 1ā8.
Meltzer, F. P. and Sepke, P.-W. ā New ways to forecast the technological results of refining. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 2 26 pgs.
Eklund, D. and Lindstrƶm, T. ā Paper chemistry ā An introduction. DT Paper Science Publications, Grankulla, Finland, 1991 305 pgs.
Chauhan, A.; Kumari, A. and Ghosh, U. K. ā Blending impact of softwood pulp with hardwood pulp on different paper properties. Tappsa Journal,. 2: 16ā22 (2013).
Martinez, P. C. and Park, S. W ā Review of physical principles in low consistency refining. O Papel, 73 (8): 65ā72 (2012)
MacLeod, M. and Pelletier, L. J. ā Basket cases: kraft pulps inside digesters. Tappi Journal, 70 (11): 47 (1987)
Lumiainen, J. ā Refining ā a key to upgrading the papermaking potential of recycled fibre. Paper Technology,35 (9): 41ā44 (1994).
Liu, H.; Jixian Dong. J.; Guo, X.; Jiang, X.; Luo, C.; Xiaohui Tian, X.; Yang, R.; Zhang, L.; Bo Wang, B.; Yan, Y. ā Refining characteristics of hardwood pulp using straight and curved bar plates. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 51 (5): 45ā60 (2019).
Nazhad, M. M. ā Recycled fibre quality ā a review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 11 (3): 314 (2005).
Sharp, S. ā A technical look at pulp & paper fiber. FI Insights. Fisher International. (2020) www.fisheri.com/blog/a-technical-look-at-pulp-paper-fiber-properties
Mariani, S. A.; Marco Torres U.; Alicia FernĆ”ndez, R. and Eduardo Morales ā Efeito da formaĆ§Ć£o de cerne em Eucalyptus nitens na polpaĆ§Ć£o kraft. O Papel, 65 (6): 55ā59 (2004).
Westman, L. ā Iddling losses in the low-consistency refining of chemical pulp. Svensk Papperstiding, 87 (3): 3ā8 (1984).
Havelock, G. ā Dynamic simulation of press drying. Paper Technology, 31 (8) (1990).
Pulkkinen, I.; Kuitunen, S.; Alopaeus, V. ā The most important eucalypt fiber properties for fiber network strength and structural property development. In: 5th ICEP International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. Porto Seguro, 2011 9 pgs www.eucalyptus.com.br/artigos/outros/49_Fibers_Characteristics.pdf
Seth, R. S. ā The effect of fiber length and coarseness on the tensile strength of wet-webs: a statistical geometry explanation. Tappi Journal, 78 (3): 99ā102 (1995).
Gao, Y.; Li, K. and Wang, Z. ā The influence of pulp furnish components on the property of supercalendered paper. Pulp and Paper Canada, 108 (1): 44ā49 (2007).
Maloney, T. C. ā On the pore structure and dewatering properties of the pulp fiber cell wall. Doctoral Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, Esppo, 2000. 52 pgs https://www.researchgate.net/publication/34731327_On_the_pore_structure_and_dewatering_properties_of_the_pulp_fiber_cell_wall
Yu, Y.; Kettunen, H.; Hiltunen, E. and Niskanen, K. ā Comparison of abaca and spruce as reinforcement. In: International Paper Phuysics Conference. TAPPI, Sao Diego, 1999 p. 161ā169.
Karnis, A. ā The mechanism of fiber development in mechanical pulping. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 20 (10): 280ā288 (1994).
AtaĆde, M. R. and Figueiredo, M. M. L. ā Algumas consideraƧƵes sobre a caracterizaĆ§Ć£o de fibras celulĆ³sicas. Pasta e Papel (4): 55ā58 (1992).
Lumiainen, J. ā Energy saving in low consistency refining. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 19 (3): J125-J130 (1993).
Dillner, B e Tibbing, P. ā Iso-thermal cooking to low kappa numbers facilitates TCF bleaching to full brightness. In: International Non-Chlorine Bleaching Conference. Pulp & Paper/Emerging Technology Transfer, Hilton Head, 1993 Paper 37 27 pgs.
Carlsson, J.; Persson, W.; Hellentin, P. and Malmqvist, L. ā The propagation of light in paper: modeling and Monte Carlo simulations. In: International Paper Physics Conference. TAPPI, Niagara-on-the-lake, 1995 pgs. 83ā86.
Laivins, G. V. and Scallan, A. M. ā Removal of water from pulps by pressing. Part 1: inter- and intra-wall water. Tappi Journal, 77 (3): 125ā131 (1994).
Heikkurinen, A.; Levlin, J.-E. and Paulapuro, H. ā Principles and methods in pulp characterization ā basic fiber properties. Papperi ja Puu, 73 (5): 411ā417 (1991).
Lumiainen, J. ā Specific surface load theory. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995. Paper 5 15 pgs.
Kibblewhite, R. P. and Bawden, A. D. ā Blends of extreme high and low coarseness radiata pine kraft pulps ā fibre and handsheet properties. Appita, 43 (3): 199ā207 (1990).
Carpim, M. A.; Barrichelo, L. E. G.; Claudio-da-Silva Jr., E. and Dias, R. L. de V. ā A influĆŖncia do nĆŗmero de fibras por grama nas propriedades Ć³pticas do papel. In: XX Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 1987 pgs. 183ā205.
Kibblewhite, R. P. ā Effects of pulp drying and refining on softwood fibre wall structural organizations. In: 9th Fundamental Research Symposium, PIRA, Cambridge, 1989 pgs. 121ā152.
Hortal, J. G. ā Composicion quimica y estructura de la fibra. In: Constituyentes fibrosos de pastas y papeles. Ed. Escuela TĆ©cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales de Terrassa, 1988 Capitulo 2 pgs. 11ā36.
Ratnieks, E.; Massoquete, A.; Demuner, B.J.; Robinson, D. and DeFoe, R. ā Ultra low intensity refining of eucalyptus pulp for papermaking. In: International Pulp Refinig Seminar. HUT, Helsinki (2007) 7 pgs
Schakford, L. D.; Miller, W. J. and Foelkel, C. E. B. ā Commercial TCF bleach plant designed and effect of solids and thermal balance on operations. In: XXVII Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 1994 pgs. 179ā194.
LeskelƤ, M. ā A model for the optical properties of paper. Part 1: theory. Paperi ja Puu, 75 (9ā10): 683ā688 (1993).
Mark, R. E. ā Handbook of physical and mechanical testing of paper and paperboard. Marcel Deckker, Inc., New York, 1984 508 pgs.
Liu, H.; Dong, J.; Jing, H.; Guo, X.; Duan, C.; Qi, K.; Yang, R.; Guo, H.; Wang, B, e Qiao, L. ā Refining characteristics of isometric straight bar plates with different bar angles. BioResources, 15 (4): 7844ā7860 (2020).
Motamedian, H. R.; Halilovic, A. E. and Kulachenko, A. ā Mechanisms of strength and stiffness improvement of paper after PFI refining with a focus on the effect of fines. Cellulose 26: 4099ā4124 (2019).
BƤckstrƶm, M.; Kolar, M.-C. and Htun, M. ā Characterization of fines from unbleached kraft pulps and their impact on sheet properties, Holzforschung, 62 (5): 546ā552 (2008).
Lƶnnberg, L B.; JƤkƤrƤ, J.; ParĆØn, A. and Lundin, T. ā Beating of chemical pulps from various wood raw materials. In: PTS Symposium (1999) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284187811_Beating_of_chemical_pulps_made_from_various_wood_raw_materials
Ratnieks, E. and Martins, M. A. L. ā Eucalyptus refining and white water quality. In: XXXV Congresso Anual. ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 1992 11 pgs.
Lindstrƶm, T. ā Chemical factors affecting the behavior of fibres during papermaking. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 7 (4): 181ā192 (1992).
Scallan, A. M. ā The Effect of Acidic Groups on the Swelling of Pulps, Tappi Journal, 66(11), 73 (1983).
Hammar, L-Ć ; BƤckstrƶm, M. and Htun, M. ā Efeitos da concentraĆ§Ć£o de eletrĆ³lito e do pH na caracterĆstica de refino de celuloses kraft nĆ£o branqueadas. O Papel, 63 (8): 79ā86 (2003).
Kuitunen; S.; Pulkkinen, I.; Tarvo, V. and Alopaeus, V. ā Modeling of fiber swelling. In: 5th ICEP ā International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp, Porto Seguro, 2011 9 pgs.
Kuitunen, S., and, Tarvo, V. ā Modeling of fiber swelling. In: 5th International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. Porto Seguro, 2011 9 pgs.
Lobben, H. T. ā The tensile stiffness of paper. Part 2: Activation studied by freeze drying. Nordic Skogindustri, 30 (3): 43ā48 (1976)
Lindstrƶm, T. and Carlsson, G. ā The effect of carboxyl groups and their ionic form during drying aon the hornification of cellulose fibers. Svensk Papperstiding,85 (15): 146ā151 (1982).
Wang, X., Paulapuro, H. and Maloney, T. C. ā Chemical pulp refining for optimum combination of dewatering and tensile strength. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 20 (4): 442ā447 (2005)
Joris, G. ā Optimized fillings for LC refiners. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 22 89 pgs.
Stone, J. E. and Scallan, A. M. ā The effect of component removal upon the porous structure of the cell wall of wood. Part 2 ā swelling in water and the fibre saturation point. Tappi, 50 (10): 496ā501 (1967).
Lindstrƶm, T. and Kolman, M. ā The effect of pH and electrolyte concentration during beating and sheet forming on paper strength. Svensk Paperstiding, 85 (15): 140 (1982).
Katz, S. and Scallan, A. M. ā Ozone and caustic soda treatments of mechanical pulps. Tappi Journal, 66 (1): 85ā87 (1983).
Scallan, A. M. and Grignon, J. ā The efeect of cations on pulp and paper properties. Svensk Papperstiding., 82 (2): 40ā47 (1979)
Laivins, G. and Scallan, T. ā Acidic versus alkaline beating of pulp. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 26 (6): 228ā233 (2000).
BabusāHaq, R. F.; OāCallaghan, P. W.; Al-Kader, M. and Nagle, L. ā Development of an interative multimedia training package for stock refining in the paper and board industry. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 8 6 pgs.
BƤckstrƶm, M. and Hammar, L-A ā The influence of the counter-ions to the charged groups on the refinability of the never-dried bleached pulps. BioResources, 5(4): 2751ā2764 (2010).
NiemelƤ, K.; AlĆ©n, R. and Sjƶstrƶm, E. ā The formation of carboxylic acids during kraft and kraft-anthraquinone pulping of birch wood. Hozforschung, 39: 167ā172 (1985).
Sjƶstrƶm, E. ā The origin of charge on cellulosic fibres. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 4 (4): 181 (1989).
Jansson, J. ā The influence of pH on fiber and paper properties: Different pH levels during beating and sheet forming. Masterās Thesis. Karlstad University, Karlstad, 2015 43 pgs www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:823180/FULLTEXT01
Choi, K. H.; Kim, A. R. and Cho, B. U. ā Effects of alkali swelling and beating treatments on properties of kraft pulp fibers. BioResources, 11 (2): 3769ā3782 (2016).
Katz, S.; Liebergott, N. and Scallan, A. M. ā A mechanism for the alkali strengthenin of mechanical pulps. Tappi Journal, 64 (7): 97ā100 (1981).
Levlin, J. E. ā Some differences in the beating behavior of softwood and hardwood kraft pulps. In: International Symposium on Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton, 1980.
Fiskari, J. ā Oxalic acid formation in oxygen chemical bleaching. In: Pulping Conference. TAPPI, Orlando, 1999, volume 2, pgs. 7ā10.
Keckes, J.; Burgert, I.; Fruhmann, K.; Muller, M.; Kolling, K.; Hamilton, M.; Burghammer, M.; Roth, S.V.; Stanzl-Tschegg, S. and Fratzl, P. ā Cell-wall recovery after irreversible deformation in wood. Natural Materials, 2: 810ā814 (2003).
VĆ”zquez, G.; LĆ³pez, M.; GonzĆ”lez, J. and Antorrena, G. ā Adsorption of sodium on O2-prebleached Eucalyptus globulus Kraft pulp. Solutions, 85 (1): 1ā3 (2002).
Torgnysdotter, A. and WĆ„gberg, L. ā Influence of electrostatic interactions on fibre/fibre joint and paper strength. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 19 (4): 440ā447 (2004).
Evans, B. E. ā The effect of process water on paper properties. Paper Technology Ind., 22 (3): 99 (1981).
RƤsƤnen, E. ā Modelling ion exchange and flow in pulp suspensions. Doctoral Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, 2003 62 pgs www.vttresearch.comsitesdefaultfilespdfpublications2003P495.pdf
Wang, F. and Hubbe, M. A. ā Charge properties of fibers in the paper mill environment. 1. effect of electrical conductivity. Journal of Pulp Paper Science, 28 (10): 347ā353 (2002).
Hiltunen, E. ā Papermaking properties of pulp. In: Papermaking Science and Technology. Volume 17 ā Pulp and paper testing, Chapter 3, Ed. Gullichsen, J. and Paulapuro, H. Finnish Paper Engineersā Association/Paperi ja Puu Oy, Hesinki: 1999.
Lumiainen, J. ā Comparison of the mode of operation between conical and disc refiners. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi, 1997 Paper 14 pgs. 227ā236.
Lee, J-Y.; Kim, C-H.; Kwon, S.; Park, H-H.; Yim, H-T.; Gu, H-G. and Min, B-G. ā Study of mixed refining behaviors of softwood kraft pulps and hardwood kraft pulps using different bar fillings. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 50(5): 31ā38 (2018).
Mayr, M.; Eckhart, R.; Winter, H. and Bauer, W. ā A novel approach to determining the contribution of the fiber and fines fraction to the water retention value (WRV) of chemical and mechanical pulps. Cellulose 24: 3029ā3036 (2017
Koskenhely K.; ĆmmƤlƤ, A.; Jokinen, H. and Paulapuro, H. ā Effect of refining intensity on pressure screen fractionated softwood kraft. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 20 (2): 169ā175 (2005).
BƤckstrƶm, M.; Lindblom, A. T. and WĆ„gberg, L. ā Studies of the influence of deflocculants and flocculants on the refining efficiency on a pilot scale. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 24 (3): 319ā326 (2006)
Springer, A.; Nabors, L. A. and Bhatia, O. ā The influence of fiber, sheet structual properties and chemical additives on wet pressing. Tappi Journal, 74 (4):221 (1991).
Santos, A.; Amaral, M. E.; Vaz, A.; Anjos, O. and SimƵes, R. ā Effect of Eucalyptus globulus wood density on papermaking potential. Tappi Journal, 7 (5): 25ā32 (2008).
Bentley, R. G.; Hamilton, R. K. and Jack, J. S. ā An optical method for monitoring pulp refining. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 23 (10): 504ā509 (1997).
Shekhar, C. D. ā Fine edged parallel and curved bar plates in refining system for pulp and paper industries. IPPTA Journal, 24 (1): 115ā119 (2012).
Shekhar, C. D. ā Fine bar technology in refining system for pulp and paper industries. IPPTA Journal, 22 (3): 109ā112 (2010).
Arjas, A. ā Effect of the evenness of the pulp bleaching stage on fibre bonding. Paperi Ja Puu, 52 (12): 825ā829 (1970).
Allison, R. W.; Ellis, M. J. and Wrathall, S. H. ā Interaction of mechanical and chemical treatments on pulp strength during kraft pulp bleaching. Appita Journal, 51 (2): 107ā113 (1998).
Duker, E. and Lindstrƶm, T. ā On the mechanisms behind the ability of CMC to enhance paper strength. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 23 (1): 57ā64 (2008).
Baker, C. ā Introduction to control in the refining process. In: African Pulp and Paper Week. TAPPSA (2002) http://www.tappsa.co.za/archive2/APPW_2002/Title/Introduction_to_control_in_the_refining_process.html
Stoere, P.; Nazhad, M. and Kerekes, R. J. ā An experimental study of the effect of refining on paper formation. Tappi Journal, 84 (7): 52ā58 (2001)
Steenberg, B. ā A model of refining as a special case of milling. In: International Symposium on Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton, 1980 pgs 107.
Koskenhely, K.; ĆmmƤlƤ, A.; Jokinen, H. and Paulapuro, H. ā Refining characteristics of softwood fibre fractions. In: 13th Fundamental Research Symposium ā Advances in Paper Science and Technology Cambridge. 2005 pgs. 427ā456.
Manfredi, V. and Claudio-da-Silva Jr, E. ā Refining operating variables vs raw material. In: International Conference ā Advances in Refining Technologies. PIRA, Birmingham, 1986 41 pgs.
Joy, E.; Robinson, D. and Mathew, J. ā Deformation of fiber flocs in refining. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, 2001 5 pgs.
Holik, H. ā Mais rĆ”pidas, mais largas, melhores ā progresso em mĆ”quinas de papel nos Ćŗltimos 100 anos. O Papel, 71 (8): 66ā93. (2010)
Rihs, J. and Josephson, W. E. ā Refining systems with flow recirculation. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi, 1997 Paper 7 pgs. 117ā124.
Almeida, M. D. de; Sevrini, G. I.; Leodoro, L. M., Faez, M. S., Soto, M. R., Kaneco, S. Y. ā Tratamento mecĆ¢nico de fibra curta de eucalipto com utilizaĆ§Ć£o de discos de refino com maior comprimento de corte. O Papel, 66 (6): 80ā87 (2006).
El-Sharkawy, K.; Haavisto, S.; Koskenhely, K. and Paulapuro, H. ā Effect of fiber flocculation and filling design on refiner loadability and refining characteristics. BioResources, 3 (2):403ā424 (2008).
Batchelor, W., Lundin, T. and Fardim, P. ā A method to estimate fiber trapping in low-consistency refining. Tappi Journal, 5 (8): 31ā36 (2006).
Demuner, B. J.; Viana Doria, E. L.; Claudio-da-Silva Jr., E. and Manfredi, V. ā InfluĆŖncia das caracterĆsticas dos flocos sobre o refino de polpas quĆmicas. O Papel, 54 (2): 29ā39 (1993).
Lumiainen, J. ā Behavior of fibres in mixed low consistency refining. Paper Technology, 38 (6): 26ā33 (1997).
Lumiainen, J. ā Refining performances with separated and mixed pulps for fine-paper production. Revue ATIP, 51 (3): 99ā107 (1997).
Joris, G. ā Optimization of industrial refining unit through Fibrologic 4.0. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi, 1997 Paper 17 pgs. 267ā303.
Lumiainen, J. ā Refining of fine paper fibers ā separate or mixed refining?. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Philadelphia, 1996 pgs. 175ā186.
Stevens, W. V. ā Principles of stock preparation and refining ā refiners and refiner systems. In: Pulping Conference. TAPPI, Orlando, 1999, pgs. 97ā102.
Lundin, T.; Lƶnnberg, B.; Soini, P. and Harju, K ā Laboratory LC-refining of SBK pulps: effects of pulp consistency and dispersion. In: Scientific and Technical Advances in Refining & Mechanical Pulping ā Course Notes. PIRA, Stockholm, 2003 Paper 5.
Bajpai, P. ā Technology developments in refining. Pira International Ltd. Surrey, UK. 140 pgs (2005).
Strƶmberg, B. ā Hardwood yield increases with Lo-solidsĀ® cooking and Lo-levelĀ® feed system at Papelera Guipuzcoana de ZicuƱaga, Spain. In: Pulping Conference, TAPPI, Quebec, 1998 7 pgs https://www.eucalyptus.com.br/artigos/2002_LoSolids+Pulping.pdf
Gabl, H. and Gorton-Heulgerth, A. ā A new low consistency refiner yields improved fibre properties while reducing idle energy by up 40%. In: Scientific and Technical Advances in Refining & Mechanical Pulping ā Course Notes. PIRA: Stockholm, 2003 Paper 8.
Dillen, S. ā Heterogeneity ā An Important Parameter in Low Consistency Refining. In: International Symposium of Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton: 16-18/09/1980 pgs. 331.
Olson, J. A.; Robertson, A. G.; Finnigan, T. D. and Turner, R. R. H. ā An analyzer for fibre shape and length. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 21 (11): 367ā373 (1995).
Foelkel, C. ā O processo de refinaĆ§Ć£o da celulose. Eucalyptus Newsletter nĀ° 89 (Jul) 2021 206 pgs https://www.eucalyptus.com.br/news/pt_jul2021.pdf
Lindau, J.; Theliander, H. and Sjƶstrƶm, K. ā The compression of pulp before and during brown stock washing ā Its influence on fibre properties. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 23 (2): 195ā201 (2008).
Page, D. H. and Tydeman, P. A. ā Transverse swelling and shrinkage of softwood tracheids. Nature, 199 (4892): 471ā472 (1963).
Kibblewhite, R. P. and Bailey, D. ā Measurement of fibre cross-section dimensions using image processing. Appita Journal, 41 (4): 297ā303 (1988).
Seth, R. S. ā The difference between never dried and dried chemical pulps. Solutions, 1 (1): 95 (2001).
Arroyo, L. M. ā OptimizaciĆ³n energĆ©tica de una fĆ”brica de papel de nueva planta. El Papel (46): 35ā39 (1995).
Glowacki, J. J. ā Refiners: new designs achieved higher efficiency/capacity. Pulp and Paper 70, (1): 113ā114 (1996).
Arjas, A.; Aario, M. and Rythi, N. ā Influence of the residence time distribution on the beating result of a Mill-size conical refiner. Paperi ja Puu, 52 (10): 639ā649 (1970)
Batchelor, W. J. and Kibblewhite, R. P. ā Calculation of relative bonded area and scattering coefficient from sheet density and fibre shape. Holzforschung, 60 (3): 253 (2006).
Martinez, P.C. and Park, S. W. ā AƧƵes das forƧas em processo de refino em baixa consistĆŖncia. In: 40th Congresso Anual. ABTCP: SĆ£o Paulo, 2007 12 pgs.
Anand, S. H.; Manigandan, P.; Kumar, S. and Jeffrey, J. E. C. ā Design and manufacturing of disc refiner. International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science and Electronics, 21 (3): 79ā82 (2016)
Banks, W. A. ā Design considerations and engineering characteristics of disc refiners. Paper Technology, 8 (4): 363ā369 (1967).
Stationwala, M. I.; Atack, D. and Karnis, A. ā Distribution and motion of pulp fibres on refiner bar surface. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 18 (4): 131ā137 (1992).
Atalla, R. H. and Wahren, D. On the energy requirement in refining. Tappi, 63 (6): 121 (1980).
Demler, C. L. ā Fundamentals of papermill refining for chemical, mechanical and secondary fibers. In: TECH95 Theory & Practice of Papermaking Course. CPPA;. Ottawa, 1995 Section A2 23 pgs.
Hartman, R. R. ā Mechanical treatment of pulp fibers for property development. Doctoral Thesis, Institute of Paper Chemistry, Atlanta, 1984 131 pgs https://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/5510
Kerekes, R. J. ā Characterizing the refining action ā linking the process to the refining result. In: Refining and Mechanical Pulping Conference. PIRA, Barcelona, 2005 Paper 1.
Martinez, M. and Kerekes, R. J. ā Forces on fibres in low-consistency refining. Tappi Journal, 77 (12): 119ā123 (1994).
Nissan, A. H. ā Lectures on fiber science in paper. Edited by W.C. Walker, Pulp and Paper Technology Series. Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry. NĀ°4. p27
Kerekes, R. J. ā Energy and forces in refining. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 30 (1): 10ā15 (2010).
Kerekes, R. J. ā Force-based characterization of refining intensity. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 26 (1): 14ā20 (2011).
Martinez, M.; Batchelor, W. J.; Kerekes, R. J. e Ouellet, D. ā Forces on fibres in low-consistency refining: normal force. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 23 (1): J11āJ18 (1997).
Batchelor, W. J.; Martinez, M.; Kerekes, R. J. and Ouellet, D. ā Forces on fibres in low-consistency refining: shear force. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 23 (1): J40āJ45 (1997).
Joris, G. ā Gestion optimale dāune unite industrielle de raffinage. Revue ATIP, 61 (2): 6ā25 (2007).
Kerekes, R. J. ā Characterizing refining action in PFI mills, Tappi Journal, 4 (3): 9ā13 (2005).
Mason, S. G. ā Some factors involved in the flocculation of pulp suspension and the formation of paper. Pulp and Paper Magazine Canada, 52 (51): 94ā98 (1950).
Molin, U. and Daniel, G. ā Effects of refining on the fibre structure of kraft pulps as revealed by FE-SEM and TEM: influence of alkaline degradation. Holzforschung, 58 (3): 226ā232 (2004).
Ebeling, K. ā A critical review of current theories for the refining of chemical pulps. In: International Symposium of Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton, 1980 pgs. 1ā33.
Gassman, H. ā Influences on the screening and fractionating processes. World Pulp and Paper Technology, 1998/9: 40ā41.
Senger, J. and Ouellet, D. ā Factors affecting the shear forces in high-consistency refining. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 28 (11): 364ā368 (2002).
Hietanen, S. and Ebeling, K. ā Fundamental aspects of the refining process. Paperi ja Puu, 72 (2): 158ā170 (1990)
Kure, K. A.; Saborin, M. J.; Dahlqvist, G. and Helle, T. ā Adjusting refining intensity by changing refiner plate design and rotational speed-effects on structural fibre properties. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 26 (10): 346ā352 (2000).
Nasab, N. R. ā Understanding of no-load power in low consistency refining. Doctoral Thesis, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 2013. 106 pgs www.open.library.ubc.ca/media/download/pdf/24/1.0074101BARRA1
Meltzer, F. P. and Rauntnbach, R. ā Neue mƶglichkeiten zur vorherbestimmung des technologischer mahlergebnisses. Das Papier, 47 (3): 578ā583 (1994).
Sepke, P.-W.; Meltzer, F. P. and Musselmann, W. ā Influencing specific energy in low consistency refining ā a new approach. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/PST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 21.dillen
Crow, H. ā Energy saving in the refining of shor fibre pulps. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Philadelphia, 1996 pg. 9.
Kerekes, R. ā Characterization of pulp refiners by a C-factor. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 05 (1): 3ā8 (1990).
Lumiainen, J. ā New theory can improve practice. Pulp and Paper International, 32 (8): 46ā47, 54 (1990).
Kerekes, R. J.; Clara, M.; Dharni, S. and Martinez, M. ā Application of the C-factor to characterize pulp refiners. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 19 (3): J125ā130 (1993).
Kerekes, R. J.; Ouellet, D. and Martinez, M. ā New perspectives on refining intensity. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 3 23 pgs.
Musselman, R.; Letarte, D. and Simard, R. ā Trial stage low consistency refining o TMP for energy savings and quality enhancement. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi, 1997 Paper 9 pgs. 141ā147.
Lumiainen, J. ā Refining intensity at low consistency ā critical factors. Paper Technology, 32 (11): 22ā26 (1991).
Kerekes, R. and Meltzer, F. ā The influence of bar width on bar forces and fibre shortening in low consistency pulp refining. Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33(2): 220ā225 (2018).
Berna, J. E. R.; Martinez, M. and Olson, J. ā Powerāgap relationships in low consistency refining. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 34 (1): 36ā45 (2019).
Demuner, B. J. ā Alternatives to improve eucalypt kraft pulp refining. https://www.eucalyptus.com.br/artigos/outros/2001_Refining_7thBSCL_final.pdf
Barbosa, F. E. V. ā AnĆ”lise das variĆ”veis operacionais de um processo de produĆ§Ć£o de papel visando maior eficiĆŖncia da operaĆ§Ć£o. DissertaĆ§Ć£o de Mestrado, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas. 2015 145 pgs. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/bitstream/REPOSIP/265981/1/Barbosa_FranciscoElpidioViana_M.pdf
Kondora G. and Asendrych, D ā Flow modelling in a disc refinier. In: 14th International Conference on Fluid Flow Technologies, Budapest, 2009 8 pgs https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265563544_Flow_Modelling_in_a_Disc_Refiner
Lundin, T.; Wurlitzer, F.; Park, S. W. and Fardim, P. ā AnĆ”lise energĆ©tica em refinaĆ§Ć£o de baixa consistĆŖncia de madeira de conĆferas. O Papel, 70 (10): 41ā60 (2009).
Kurdin, J. A. ā High consistency refining of chemical (pulp) fibres. In: Refining Chemical Pulps Seminar. Doschi Association, Appleton, 1986 pg 15.
Lumiainen, J. ā Refining of chemical pulp. In: Papermaking Science and Technology. Volume 8 ā Papermaking Part 1 ā Stock preparation and wet end, Chapter 4. Ed. Gullichsen, J. and Paulapuro, H. Finnish Paper Engineersā Association/Paperi ja Puu Oy, Hesinki: 2000 pg. 86.
Roux, J. C. and Bloch, J. F. ā Lubrication theory explains the modification of fiber properties in the refining process. AIP Conference Proceedings 1558, 1095 (2013) https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4825697
Min, B. G.; Lee, J. Y.; Kim, C. H.; Park, S. H.; Lee, M. S.; Gu, H. G. and Lee, C. Y. ā New technology for developing a lightweight refiner plate for hardwood kraft pulp fibers. BioResources, 15 (4): 9128ā9142 (2020).
Baker, C. F. ā Optimization of paper mill refining systems. In: 3rd International Refining Conference. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 13.
Rihs, J. ā Low consistency refining ā theory vs practice. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 10 15 pgs.
Radoslavova, D.; Roux, J. C. and Silvy, J. ā The beating of pulp considered as a hydrodynamic process. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 6 32 pgs.
Crook, J. ā The dream revisited ā an update on Brazilian refining technology. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta: 20-22/03/1995 Paper 14 12 pgs.
Luengo, J.; Segura, C. and GonzĆ”lez, R. ā Effect of refining intensity on properties of eucalyptus fibers ā Santa Fe pulp ā CMPC. In: 8th International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp, ConcepciĆ³n, 2012 28 slides
Lumiainen, J. ā Is the lowest refining intensity the best in the consistency refining of hardwood pulps? In: Papermakers Conference, Atlanta, 1994. 12 pgs.
Baker, C. F. ā Various options for the control of refining process. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi: 18-20/03/1997 Paper 16 pgs. 249ā264.
Baker, C. F. ā Critical review of refiner theory. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta: 20-22/03/1995 Paper 7 22 pgs.
Ratnieks, E. and Demler, C. ā O refino da polpa de eucalipto. O Papel, 54(8):22ā25 (1993).
Welch, L. V. and Kerekes, R. J. ā Characterization of the PFI mill by t
Berger, T. H. ā The impact of plate material on pulp quality over time. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi: 18-20/03/1997 Paper 18 pgs. 307ā315.
Mayade, T. L. ā Statistical theory of chemical pulp refining: an innovative combined approach. Appita Journal, 50 (3): 237ā244 (1997).
Li, S.; He, H. Z.; Yu, G. F. and Wei, Y. S. ā Study on thickening-refining with a low-consistency disk refiner. China Pulp and Paper, 13 (2): 29ā34 (1994.
Baker, C. F. ā Optimisation of refining in fine and speciality paper mill systems. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Philadelphia: 24-27/03/1996 pgs. 215ā224.
Levlin, J. E. ā Characterisation of Beating Result. In: International Symposium of Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton: 16-18/09/1980 pgs. 131.
Baker, C. F. ā The refining of nonwood fibres. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi: 18-20/03/1997 Paper 10 pgs. 151ā180.492. Prasad, D. Y.; Jameel, H. and Gratzl, J. ā Extended delignification of hardwood with AQ/Polysulfide. Tappi Journal, 78 (9): 151 (1995).
Pycraft, C. ā The optimization of energy consumption and strength during refining. Paper Southern Africa, 6: 6ā8, 10, 14 (1986).
Manfredi, V.; Vilela, C. B. and Claudio-da-Silva Jr. E. ā Efeito das variĆ”veis operacionais de refino na evoluĆ§Ć£o das propriedades da polpa refinada. In: Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 1986 pgs. 189ā207.
Manfredi, V. ā Optimizing eucalyptus pulp refining. In: International Papermaking & Environment Conference. Ed. Yang, S.; Ni, Y e Liu, Z. Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin ā China: 12-14/05/2004 Book A pgs. 41ā50.
Lundin, T.; Batchelor, W. and Fardim, P. ā Fiber trapping in low-consistency refining: new parameters to describe the refining process. Tappi Journal, 7 (7): 15ā21 (July 2008).
Shekhar, C. D. ā Fine edged parallel and curved bar plates in refining system for pulp and paper industries. IPPTA Journal, 24 (1): 115ā119 (2012).
Ratnieks, E. and Mora, E. ā How the dryness of pulp influences the stock preparation. In: XXVI Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel, ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 1993 pgs. 715ā731.
Page, D. H. ā The beating of chemical pulps ā the action and the effects. In Fundamentals of Papermaking, Trans. of the IXth Fund. Res. Symp. Cambridge, 1989, pgs. 1ā38.
Sha, J.; Nikbakht, A.; Wang, C.; Zhang, H. and Olson, J. ā The effect of consistency and freeness on the yield stress of chemical pulp fibre suspensions. BioResources, 10(3), 4287ā4299 (2015).
Koskenhely, K.; Nieminen, K. and Paulapuro, H. ā Edge form profile of refiner filling bars and its impact on softwood fibre shortening. Paperi ja Puu ā Paper and Timber, 89 (4): 1ā6 (2007).
Lundin, T.; Batchelor, W. and Fardim, P. ā Effect of bar edge conditions on fibre trapping in low consistency refining. In: 62nd Appita Annual Conference and Exhibition, Rotorua, 2008 pgs. 199ā2006 https://search.informit.org/doi/book/10.3316/informit.APP62
Fox, T. S.; Brodkey, R. S. and Nissan, A. H. ā High-speed photography of stock transport in a disk refiner. Tappi Journal, 62 (3): 55ā58 (1979)
Fox, T. S. ā Inside a disc refiner. In: International Symposium of Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton, 1980 pgs. 281ā313.
Baker, C. F. ā Specific edge load theory ā application and limitations. In: Current and Future Technologies of Refining Conference. PIRA, 1991 Volume 2 pg. 18.
Parola, M. J. and Linna, H. I. ā Runnability and the unstable stress fields in paper web. Graphics Arts, 29 (3): 9 (2000).
Kibblewhite, R. P. ā Refining requirements of softwood and eucalypt market pulps and blends. Appita Journal, 47 (5): 375ā379, 401 (1994).
Saltarelli, M. O. ā Stock preparation process requirements. Tappi, 57 (7): 83ā85 (1974).
Soza, J. and Gonzalez, R. ā Estudio de refinaciĆ³n de mesclas de celulosa fibra corta fibra larga em refinador piloto Escher Wyss. www.eucalyptus.com.bricep03190Soza.text.pdf
Chauhan, V. S.; Kumar, N.; Kumar, M.; Chakrabarti, S. K. and Thapar, S. K. ā Effect of separate and mixed refining of hardwood and softwood pulps on paper properties. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 43 (4): 1ā10 (2011).
Panthai, S. and Somboon, P. ā Examination of separate and mixed refining methods on softwood and hardwood pulps for linerboard production. Kasetsart Journal ā Natural Science, 48: 540ā547 (2014).
Brindley, C. L. and Klibbewhite, R. P. ā Comparison of refining response of eucalypt and a mixed hardwood pulp and their blends with softwood. Appita, 49 (1): 37ā49 (1996).
Kerekes, R. J. and Tam Doo, P. A. ā The effect of beating and low-amplitude flexing on pulp fibre flexibility. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 15 (1): 36 (1989).
Yasumura, P. K. and Park, S. W. -Novos aspectos sobre aƧƵes de refino do moinho PFI e refinadores industriais de disco em fibras. In: 45th ABTCP International Pulp and Paper Congress e VII IberoAmerican Congress on Pulp and Paper Research. SĆ£o Paulo, 2012 8 pgs
Khokhar, G. M. ā Numerical simulation of the flow in a disc refiner. Masterās Thesis. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2011 59 pgs https://www.lcrl.ppc.ubc.ca/files/2013/02/2011-Khokhar-MSc-Thesis.pdf
Ouellet, D.; Bennington, C. P. J.; Senger, J. J.; Borisoff, J. F. and Martiskainen, J. M. ā Measurement of pulp residence time in a high-consistency refiner. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 22 (8): J301ā305 (1996).
Bordin, R.; Toux, J-C. and Block, J-F. ā No-load characterization of a low-consistency disc refiner for na efetive application of refining theories. Engineering, Pulping and Environmental Conference, TAPPI, TAPPI Engineering, Pulping and Environmental Conference, Jacksonville, 2007 33 pgs.
Hietanen, S. ā The role of fiber flocculation in chemical pulp refining. Paperi ja Puu, 73 (3): 249ā259 (1991).
Page, D. H., Kosky, J. and Booth, D. ā Some initial observations on the action of the beater. BP&BIRA Bulletin, 28: 15ā21 (1962).
Waterhouse, J. F. ā Characterizing pulps for paper-machine runnability. In: Engineering/Process and Product Quality Conference & Trade Fair. TAPPI, Anaheim, 1999 Volume 3 pgs. 1195ā1204.
Liu, H.; Dong, J.; Jing, H.; Guo X.; Duan, C.; Qi, K.; Yang, R.; Gio, H.; Wang, B. and Qiao, L. ā Correlation between bar angle and characterization parameters of the isometric straight bar plate. BioResources 15 (4), 7844ā7860 (2020).
Eriksen, O.; Holmqvist, C. and Mohlin, U-B. ā Fibre floc drainage ā a possible cause for substantial pressure peaks in low-consistency refiners. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 23 (3): 321ā326 (2008).
Wittberg, L. P.; Bjƶrkman, M.; Khokhar, G.; Mohlin, U-B. and Dahlkild, A. ā Flow conditions in the grooves of a low-consistency refiner. Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, 27 (2): 173ā183 (2012).
Fox, T. S.; Brodkey, R. S. and Nissan, A. H. ā Inside a disk refiner. Tappi Journal, 65 (7): 80ā83 (1982).
Groome, E. J. and Gerhardt, T. D. ā Fiber retention time in a disk refiner. In: International Symposium on Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton, 1980. pgs. 21ā29.
Bordin R.; Roux, J.-C. and Bloch, J.-F. ā New technique for measuring clearance in low-consistency refiners. Appita Journal, 61 (1): 71ā77 (2008).
Arjas, A. ā Influence of residence time distribution on pulp properties. In: International Symposium of Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton, 1980 pg 61
Lumiainen, J. ā Post-refining of mechanical pulps. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi, 1997 Paper 8 pgs. 127ā137.
Steffens, D. ā Ultrasonic technology ā measurements of paper orientation and elastic properties. In: XXVII Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 1994 pgs. 661ā681.
Basile, F. C. ā Energy considerations in stock preparation refining. Tappi Journal, 97 (4): 84ā88 (1984).
Vainio A. K. and Paulapuro, H ā Interfiber bonding and fiber segment activation in paper. Bioresources, 2 (3):442ā458 (2007).
Heitmann, J. A. ā Pulp properties. In: Pulp and Paper Manufacture ā Mill Control & Control Systems: Quality & Testing, Environmental, Corrosion, Electrical. Ed.: Kouris, M e Kocurek, M. J. The Textbook, Committee of the Paper Industry, Atlanta/Montreal, 1992, pgs. 85ā98.
Curto, J.; SimƵes, R. and Silvy, J. ā The influence of bleaching, beating and drying in the wet fibre flexibility of Pinus pinaster kraft pulp. In: 12th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry. Madison, 2003 Volume 3 pgs. 287ā289.
Mohlin, U.-B. and Wennberg, K. ā Some aspects of the interaction between mechanical and chemical pulps. Tappi Journal, 67 (1): 90ā93 (1984).
Kure, K. A. and Dahlqvist, G. ā Development of structural fibre properties in high intensity refining. Pulp and Paper Canada, 99 (7): 59ā63 (1998).
Lonnberg, B. ā Energy balance in low consistency (LC) refining. In: Refining and Mechanical Pulping conference. PIRA, Barcelona, 2005 Paper 7.
Turt, V.; Genco, J. M. and Co A. ā Effect of refining on fiber properties. In: Engineering Conference. TAPPI, San Francisco, 1994 pg. 273ā280.
Joris, G. and Roux, J-C. ā The dynamic freeness tester. In: Scientific and Technical Advances in Refining & Mechanical Pulping ā Course Notes. PIRA: Stockholm, 2003 Paper 6.
Wultsch, F e Flucher, W. ā Small Escher-Wyss refiner as a standard testing instrument for modern stock preparation plants. Das Papier, 12 (13/14): 334ā342 (1958).
Brecht, W. and Siewert, W. H. ā Zur theoretish technischen beurteilung des mahlprozesses. Das Papier, 20 (1): S4ā14. (1966).
Brecht, W. ā A method for the comparative evaluation of bar-equipped beating devices. Tappi, 50 (8): 40ā44 (1967).
Bian, L.; Liu, S.; Pu, Y.; Liu, C. and Yuan, L. ā Appraisal of a disk refiner performance. Guowai Zaozshi, 16 (1): 28ā31 (1997) according to ABIPST, 68 (2): 123 reference 1409(AS).
Fan, X.; Jeffrey, D. J. and Ouellet, D. ā A stochastic model for the residence time of pulp in a single-disc chip refiner. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 20 (11): 343ā349 (1994).
Tonoli, G. H. D.; Teixeira, E. M.; CorrĆŖa, A. C.; Marconcini, J. M.; Caixeta, L. A.; Silva, M. A. P. da e Mattoso, L. H. C. ā Cellulose micro/nanofibres from eucalyptus kraft pulp: Preparation and properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 89 (1): 80ā88 (2012).
Eibinger, K; Eichinnger, R. and Bauer, W. ā Property development of virgin and recycled fibres treated with compression refining in a PFI mill, In: International Refining Conference, PIRA, 2005 12 pgs https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267694160_Property_development_of_virgin_and_recycled_fibres_treat
Khlebnikov, A. A.; Pashinnskii, V. F.; Gonharov, V. N. and Smirnova, E. A. ā Analysis of the forces involved in the operation of a conical refiner. Tr. Leningr., 22: 129ā136 (1969) [1039, 1163].
Goncharov, V. N.; Smirnova, E. A. and Shemyakin, E. V. ā Method for the determination of stresses between refiner blades. Bumazh. Prom. (27): 134ā138 [1163]
Goncharov, V. N. ā Force factors in a disk refiner and their effect on the beating process. Bumazh. Prom., (5): 12ā14 [1163]
Koskenhely K.; Nieminen, K.; Hiltunen, E. and Paulapuro, H. ā Comparison of plate and conical fillings in refining of bleached softwood and hardwood pulps. Paperi ja Puu, 87 (7): 458ā463 (2005).
Stephansen, E. ā Contribution to the understanding of the mechanism of the beating process. Norsk Skogindustri, 21 (8): 266 (1967).
Odabas, N.; Henniges, U.; Potthast, A. and Rosenau, T. ā Cellulosic fines: properties and effects. Progress in Materials Science, 83: 574ā594 (2006).
Koskenhely, K. ā Effect of selected filling and pulp suspension variables in improving the performance of low consistency refining. Doctoral Thesis, Helsinki, Espoo, 2007 xx pgs www.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/80701885.pdf
Peralta, C.; PiƧarra, E.; Santos, A.; Anjos, O. and SimƵes, R. ā Effect of specific edge load on Eucalyptus globulus paper properties. In: 2Ā° International Conference on Environmentally ā Compatible Forest Products. Proceedings of Ecowwod ā 2006 pgs: 499ā505 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259822897_Effect_of_specified_edge_load_on_Eucalyptus_globulus_paper_properties
Page, D. H. ā The axial compression of fibres ā a newly discovered beating action. Pulp and Paper Magazine Canada, 67 (1): 2ā12 (1966
Bhardwaj, N. K. ā Refining of bamboo long fiber fraction pulp effects on wet web and dry strength properties of paper. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 53 (1ā2): 113ā120 (2019).
Yasumura, P. K.; DāAlmeida, M. L. O. and Park, S. W. ā Multivariate statistical evaluation of physical properties of pulps refinied in a PFI mil. O PapeL, 73 (3): 59ā65 (2012)
Goncharov, V. N. ā Stostoyanie i perspektivy sovershnstvovaniya oborudovaniya dlya razmola voloknistykh materialov. Tsellyul. Bum. Karton, 7/8: 20ā24 (1995) according to ABIPST, 67 (9): 1337 reference 12645(AS)
Rissato, T. C. ā InfluĆŖncia do refino de baixa intensidade no consumo energĆ©tico e nas propriedades do papel. Monografia Latu-sensu. Universidade Federal de ViƧosa, ViƧosa, 2010 71 pgs
Levlin, J. E. ā The response of different fibre raw materials to refining. In: Advances in Refining Technologies Conference. PIRA, Birmingha, 1986.
Olejnik, K. ā Impact of pulp consistency on refining process conducted under constant intensity determined by SEL and SEC factors. BioResources, 8(3): 3212ā3230 (2013).
Claudio-da-Silva Jr., E. ā Chemical pulp beating related to fiber structure. Doctoral Thesis, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, 1991 295 pgs.
Kerekes, R. J. and Senger, J. J. ā Characterizing refining action in low-consistency refiners by forces on fibres. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 32 (1): 1ā8 (2006).
van den Akker, J. A. ā Energy considerations in the beating of pulp. In: Trans. Fund. Res. Symposium. Ed. F. Bolam, BPBMA, Cambridge, 1957 pgs. 435ā446.
Bordin, R.; Roux, J-C. and Bloch, J-F. ā No-load power evolution during low-consistency pulp beating. Nordic Pulp and paper Research Journal, 23 (1): 34ā38 (2008).
Amero, B. A. ā Refining optimization single-pass refiners versus multiple-pass laboratory beaters. In: International Symposium on Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPST, Appleton, 1980 pg. 179
Liu, H.; Dong, J.; Qi, K.; Guo, X.; Yan, Y, Qiao, L.; Duan, C. and Zhao, Z. ā The effect of pulp properties on the consumption in low consistency refining. Journal of Korean Wood Science and Technology, 48 (6): 869ā877 (2020)
Kerekes, R. J. ā A theoretical analysis of recirculation in pulp refiners. Tappi Journal, 13 (4):29ā32 (2014).
Kral, P.; Klimek, P. and Mishra, P. K. ā Effect of refiner plate pattern design on refined fibre size distribution ā a time series study. Drvna Industrua, 66 (1): 63ā67 (2015).
Liu, H.; Dong, J.; Guo, X.; Wang, B.; Lijie, Q.; Chuanwu Duan, C.; Kai Qi, K.; Kong, L. ā No-load power of disc refiner in low consistency refining. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 52(2): 87ā96 (2020).
Oslon, J.; Allison, B.; Friesen, A. and Petrs, C. ā Fibre fractionation for high porosity sack paper. Tappi Journal, 84 (6): 1-xx (2001).
Hill, H. S.; Edwards, J. and Beath, L. R. ā Curlated pulp ā a new approach to pulp processing. Tappi, 33 (1):36 (1950
Herbert, W.; Marsh, P. G. and Harbron, D. L. ā New kinks in refining with the chemifiner. Paper Trade Journal, 42 (1967)
McKenzie, A. W. and Prosser, N. A. ā The beating action of a PFI Mill. Appita Journal, 34 (4): 239ā297 (1981).
Arjas, A. ā Residence time distribution in conical refiners and refining systems. In: International symposium of Fundamental Concepts of Refining. Appleton, 1980 pgs. 8ā20.
Lindstrƶm, T. ā Der einfluss chemischer factoren auf faserquellung und papierfestigkeit. Das Papier, 34 (12): 561 (1980)
Mohlin, U-B. ā Industrial refining of unbleached kraft pulps ā the effect of pH and refining intensity, In: Technology Summit Proceedings. TAPPI, 2002 https://imisrise.tappi.org/TAPPI/Products/ts/ts0226.aspx
Meltzer, F. P. ā Reducing specific energy in refining with a new key figure and innovative fillings materials. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Philadelphia, 1996 pgs. 187ā194.
Harju, K. and Hietanummi, J. ā Low and high consistency refining of reiforcement pulp. In: Scientific and Technical Advances in Refining & Mechanical Pulping ā Course Notes. PIRA: Stockholm: 25-26/03/2003 Paper 11.
Espenmiller, H. P. ā The theory and practice of refining. Southern Pulp and Paper Manufacturing, 32 (4): 50ā57 (1969).
Szwarcsztajn, E. and Przybysz, K. ā External fibrilation of beaten cellulose fibres. Cellulose Chemistry and Tecnhology (6): 223ā238 (1972).
Dietmann, P. and Roux, J-C. ā A study of disc refiner running in no-load conditions. Cellulose Chemistry Technology, 39 (5ā6): 459ā471 (2005).
Batchelor, W.; Krizinger, J.; Bauer, W.; Kuntzsch, T. and Meinl, G. ā Improved characterization of changes in fibre coross section during sheet forming and drying using optical fibre analyzer data and a serial sectioning technique. In: COST Action E54 Fine Structure of Papermaking Fibres. Cost Action, Brussels, 2011 pgs 191ā196.
Kerekes, R. J.; Soszynski, R. M. and Tam Doo, P. A. ā The flocculation of pulp fibres. In: Papermaking Raw Materials, Transactions 8th Fundamental Research Symposium, Ed. Ponton, V., Mech. Eng. Publ. Ltd., Oxford: 1985 pgs. 265ā310.
Rihs, J.; Albert, K. and Josephson, W. ā Optimal refining of bleached tropical hardwood kraft for uncoated paper. In: 51st Annual General Conference. APPITA, Melbourne, 1997 Paper 4B21 pgs. 627ā634.
Soini, P. and Partanen, M. ā The effect of recirculation on pulp properties in refining of bleached hardwood and softwood pulps with a conical refiner. In: Preparing for the Next Millennium Conference. TAPPI, Atlanta, 1999 Volume 2 pgs. 711ā727.
Bonfiglio, F.; Curbelo, V.; Santana, E. and DoldĆ”n, J. ā Grinding of a PFI mill: a comparison between two PFI mills by evaluation of Eucalyptus pulp physical properties. In: 6th International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. Colonia del Sacramiento, 2013 10 pgs. www.researchgate.net/publication/308902583_Grinding_of_a_PFI_Mill_a_comparison_between_two_PFI_mills_by_evaluation_of_Eucalyptus_pulp_physical_properties
Wang, X.; Maloney, T. and Paulapuro, H. ā Fibre fibrillation and its impact on sheet properties. Paperi ja Puu ā Paper and Timber, 89 (3):148ā151 (2007).
Somboon, P. ā Quality developments in pulp fibers using conventional papermaking laboratory beaters and an industrial pilot refiner. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science), 45: 883ā890 (2011)
Keays, J. L.; McDowell, P. F. and Hatton, J. V. ā Single-point procedure for PFI-mill evaluation of softwood kraft pulps. Tappi Journal, 60 (6): 81ā83 (1977).
Demler, C. L. Low consistency refiner mechanics & troubleshooting. In: PaperCon, 2013 Oral presentation. https://www.eucalyptus.com.br/artigos/2013Low+Consistency+Refiners_Mechanics.pdf
Dƶlle, K. and Bardhyl Bajrami, B. ā Beating of eucalyptus pulp fibers under neutral and alkaline conditions ā A Valley beater study. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 20 (8): 86ā96 (2021).
Mohlin, U-B. ā Refining of unbleached kraft pulps ā the effect of pH and refining intensity. In: Tappi Paper Summit. TAPPI, Atlanta, 2002
Manfredi, V. ā Analisando curvas de refino de polpa kraft de eucalipto: efeitos do pH e da consistĆŖncia de refino. Eucalyptus Newsletter (89): 17ā28 (2021) https://www.eucalyptus.com.br/news/pt_jul2021.pdf
Lundberg, R. and De Ruvo, A. ā The influence of defibration and beating conditions on the paper making potential of recycled paper. Svensk Papperstiding, 81 (12): 383ā386 (1978).
Mangini, L. F. K. and Andrade, A. A. ā AĆ§Ć£o de diferentes tipos de discos de refinaĆ§Ć£o sobre as caracterĆsticas das fibras quĆmicas. In: 43th Congresso e ExposiĆ§Ć£o Internacional de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, SĆ£o Paulo, 2010 11 pgs.
Cai, H.; Yuan, Z.; Tong, G.; Zhang, X. and Zhang, H. ā Comparison of two bar edge lengths of refining plates on the properties of American old corrugated container pulp during low consistency refining. BioResources, 15 (1):347ā359 (2020).
Steel, C. L. ā Evaluation of cell-wall modifying enzymes for improved refining of pulp from two eucalyptus species. Masterās Thesis. University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 2010 145 pgs https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/xmlui/handle/11660/5576
Joy, E.; Rintamaki, J.; Weckroth, R. and Tuomelai, P. ā Ultra-low intensity refining of short fibered pulps. In: African Pulp and Paper Week, 2004 7 pgs https://www.eucalyptus.com.br/artigos/2004_Ultra-low+Intensity+Refining.pdf
Sanjay, C.; Akansha, S.; Rajeev, S.; Shankarshan, S. and Narendra, A. ā Optimization of fibre properties using single pass refining vs recirculation ā A Case Study. IPPTA, 27 (04): 58ā66 (2015).
Crook, J. ā The practical refiner. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi, 1997 Paper 11 pgs. 185ā189.
Metelski, L. ā AnĆ”lise da aĆ§Ć£o enzimĆ”tica na produĆ§Ć£o de papel visando a economia de energia. Trabalho de conclusĆ£o de curso, Universidade TecnolĆ³gica Federal do ParanĆ”, Ponta Grossa, 2018 53 pgs. www.repositorio.utfpr.edu.br:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/16466/1/PG_COENQ_2018_2_18
Elahimehr, A. ā Low consistency refining of mechanical pulp: the relationship between plate pattern, operating variables and pulp properties. Doctoral Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 2014 120 pgs. https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item?id=TC-BVAU-50745&op=pdf&app=Library&oclc_number=1032967384
Cisneros, H. A.; Williams, G. J. Hatton, J. V. ā Fibre surface characteristics of hardwood refiner pulps. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 21 (5): 178ā184 (1995).
Liu, H.; Dong, J. X.; Guo, X. Y.; Luo, C.; Tian, X. H.; Jiang, X. J.; Wang, S.; Yang, R. F.; Duan, C. W.; Wang, B.; Qi, K. ā Study on fiber cutting performance of isometric straight bar plate with different bar angle. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 51 (5): 16ā26. (2019).
Ryti, N. and Arjas, A. ā Influence of residence time distribution of the flowing stock on the beating effect of a beating machine, Part II. Paperi ja Puu, 51 (1): 69ā84 (1969).
Bedretchuk, J. P. ā Estudo de caso: aplicaĆ§Ć£o de um controle de energia especĆfica em refinadores a disco. Monografia de EspecializaĆ§Ć£o. Universidade TecnolĆ³gica Federal do ParanĆ”, Curitiba. 2016 51 pgs http://repositorio.roca.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/1/13164/1/CT_CEAUT_2015_16.pdf
Noe, P.; Joris, G. and Roux, J. C. ā Pulp refining process. Volume I. Bonpertuis [710]
Marton, R.; Crosby, C.; Brown, A.; Bachorik, R. and Shook, P. ā High-consistency refining. Espra Research Reports, 44 (III): 18ā19 (1967) according to ABIPST, 67 (5): 728 reference 6663(BS).
Kerekes, C. and McDonald, J. D. ā Fiber-based characterization of pulp refining. Tappi Journal, 21 (9): 497ā503 (2022)
Zhang, Q., Xu, M., Xing, L., Dang, C., Han, X., and Pu, J. ā Enzymatic assisted ultrasonic pretreatmentās effect on poplar pulp properties. BioResources, 12 (3): 6832ā6843 (2017).
Liu, H.; Dong, J.; Luo, C.; Duan, C., Guo. X.; Qi, K.; Qiao, L.; Zhao, Z. ā Accuracy of the different calculation methods of specific edge load. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 52 (5): 45ā54 (2020) http://www.ktappi.kr/xml/26604/26604.pdf
Liu, H.; Dong, J.; Jing, H.; Xiya Guo, X. and Qiao, L. ā Characterization of the parameters for the refining Intensity in terms of performance. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 51 (2): 26ā39 (2019);
Lee, J-Y.; Kim, C-H.; Park, S-H. and Sol Kwon, S. ā Effects of refining intensities on physical properties of Interleaving paper for Stainless Steel. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 51 (6): 45ā51 (2019).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Manfredi, V. (2024). Refining Operating Variables. In: Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp Refining. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47285-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47285-5_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-47284-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-47285-5
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)