Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tourism, Suboptimal Health Status, and Dementia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
All Around Suboptimal Health

Part of the book series: Advances in Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine ((APPPM,volume 18))

  • 164 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter critically discusses how seemingly disparate domains—tourism, dementia, and suboptimal health status—can be integrated in research to enhance people’s well-being through tourism engagement. Global challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic and societal ageing have drawn increasing scholarly attention to well-being and health in the social and medical sciences. Tourism, as a subfield of social science, may not frequently appear in the medical literature. Yet tourism scholars have determined that vacationing boosts travellers’ physical and psychological well-being, thus contributing to disease prevention and treatment. Consistent with the principles of predictive, preventive, and personalised medicine, travel therapy could offer people opportunities for customised health interventions through tailored trip experiences. Emerging interdisciplinary research has striven to bridge tourism, marketing, dementia, and suboptimal health status to provide insight into the impacts of tourism engagement on people’s well-being and health. This chapter presents a conceptual foundation for related empirical investigations. Future research directions are also recommended.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

mRNA:

Messenger RNA

NCDs:

Non-communicable chronic diseases

PPPM/3PM:

Predictive, preventive, and personalised medicine

SHS:

Suboptimal health status

SHSC:

Suboptimal Health Study Consortium

SHSQ-25:

Suboptimal Health Status Suestionnaire-25

References

  1. Wang W, Yan Y, Guo Z, Hou H, Garcia M, Tan X, Anto EO, Mahara G, Zheng Y, Li B, Kang T, Zhong Z, Wang Y, Guo X, Golubnitschaja O; Suboptimal Health Study Consortium and European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine (2021) All around suboptimal health - a joint position paper of the Suboptimal Health Study Consortium and European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine. EPMA J 12:403–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-021-00253-2

  2. Yan YX, Liu YQ, Li M, Hu PF, Guo AM, Yang XH, Qiu JJ, Yang SS, Shen J, Zhang LP, Wang W (2009) Development and evaluation of a questionnaire for measuring suboptimal health status in urban Chinese. J Epidemiol 19:333–341. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.je20080086

  3. Wang W, Tan X (2019) Suboptimal health status and cardiovascular deficits. In: Golubnitschaja O (ed) Flammer syndrome: from phenotype to associated pathologies, prediction, prevention and personalisation, pp 287–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13550-8_17

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Guo Z, Meng R, Zheng Y, Li X, Zhou Z, Yu L, Tang Q, Zhao Y, Garcia M, Yan Y, Song M, Balmer L, Wen J, Hou H, Tan X, Wang W; Suboptimal Health Study Consortium (SHSC) and the Global Health Epidemiology Research Group (GHERG) (2022) Translation and cross-cultural validation of a precision health tool, the Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaire-25, in Korean. J Glob Health 12:04077. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.04077

  5. Ge S, Xu X, Zhang J, Hou H, Wang H, Liu D, Zhang X, Song M, Li D, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Wang W (2019) Suboptimal health status as an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus in a community-based cohort: the China suboptimal health cohort study. EPMA J 10:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-019-0159-9

  6. WHO. Non communicable diseases. 2021, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases

    Google Scholar 

  7. Di Cesare M, Khang YH, Asaria P, Blakely T, Cowan MJ, Farzadfar F, Guerrero R, Ikeda N, Kyobutungi C, Msyamboza KP, Oum S, Lynch JW, Marmot MG, Ezzati M; Lancet NCD Action Group (2013) Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses. Lancet 381:585–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61851-0

  8. Chan KY, Wang W, Wu JJ, Liu L, Theodoratou E, Car J, Middleton L, Russ TC, Deary IJ, Campbell H, Wang W, Rudan I; Global Health Epidemiology Reference Group (GHERG) (2013) Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia in China, 1990-2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet 381:2016–2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60221-4

  9. WHO. Dementia. 2021. , from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia

    Google Scholar 

  10. Wang W, Yan Y (2012) Suboptimal health: a new health dimension for translational medicine. Clin Transl Med 1:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/2001-1326-1-28

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Kluge HHP, Wickramasinghe K, Rippin HL, Mendes R, Peters DH, Kontsevaya A, Breda J (2020) Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the COVID-19 response. Lancet 395:1678–1680. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31067-9

  12. Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Azevedo e Silva G, Menezes AM, Monteiro CA, Barreto SM, Chor D, Menezes PR (2011) Chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: burden and current challenges. Lancet 377:1949–1961. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60135-9

  13. Wang W (2012) Suboptimal health: a potential preventive instrument for non-communicable disease control and management. J Transl Med 10:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-10-S2-A45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Godovykh M, Ridderstaat J (2020) Health outcomes of tourism development: A longitudinal study of the impact of tourism arrivals on residents’ health. J Destin Mark Manag 17:100462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Guo Z, Wen J, Zheng D, Yulu Z, Hou H, Wang W (2022) Proposing an avenue for suboptimal health research through the lens of tourism. J Glob Health 12:03058. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.03058

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Hu F, Wen J, Zheng D, Wang W (2023) Travel medicine in hospitality: An interdisciplinary perspective. Int J Contemp Hosp 35(9):ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2022-0574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Wen J, Zheng D, Hou H, Phau I, Wang W (2022) Tourism as a dementia treatment based on positive psychology. Tour Manag 92:104556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wen J, Wang W, Kozak M, Liu X, H. H. (2021) Many brains are better than one: The importance of interdisciplinary studies on Covid-19 in and beyond tourism. Tour Recreat Res 46:2310–2313. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1761120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jiang Y, Wen J, Zheng D, Phau I, Wang W (2022) Pandemic prevention via tourism: A conceptual framework. Ann Tour Res 96:103463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang W, Russell A, Yan Y (2014) Traditional Chinese medicine and new concepts of predictive, preventive and personalized medicine in diagnosis and treatment of suboptimal health. EPMA J 5:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1878-5085-5-4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Yan YX, Dong J, Liu YQ, Yang XH, Li M, Shia G, Wang W (2012) Association of suboptimal health status and cardiovascular risk factors in urban Chinese workers. J Urban Health 89:329–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9636-8

  22. Yan YX, Dong J, Liu YQ, Zhang J, Song MS, He Y, Wang W (2015) Association of suboptimal health status with psychosocial stress, plasma cortisol and mRNA expression of glucocorticoid receptor α/β in lymphocyte. Stress 18:29–34. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2014.999233

  23. Wang Y, Ge S, Yan Y, Wang A, Zhao Z, Yu X, Qiu J, Alzain MA, Wang H, Fang H, Gao Q, Song M, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Wang W (2016) China suboptimal health cohort study: rationale, design and baseline characteristics. J Transl Med 14:291. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-1046-y

  24. Hou H, Feng X, Li Y, Meng Z, Guo D, Wang F, Guo Z, Zheng Y, Peng Z, Zhang W, Li D, Ding G, Wang W (2018) Suboptimal health status and psychological symptoms among Chinese college students: a perspective of predictive, preventive and personalised health. EPMA J 9:367–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-018-0148-4

  25. Adua E, Roberts P, Wang W (2017) Incorporation of suboptimal health status as a potential risk assessment for type II diabetes mellitus: a case-control study in a Ghanaian population. EPMA J 8:345–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-017-0119-1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Anto EO, Coall DA, Addai-Mensah O, Wiafe YA, Owiredu WKBA, Obirikorang C, Annani-Akollor ME, Adua E, Tawiah A, Acheampong E, Asamoah EA, Wang X, Opoku S, Boakye DK, Hou H, Wang Y, Wang W; Suboptimal Health Study Consortium (SHSC) (2021) Early gestational profiling of oxidative stress and angiogenic growth mediators as predictive, preventive and personalised (3P) medical approach to identify suboptimal health pregnant mothers likely to develop preeclampsia. EPMA J 12:517–534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-021-00258-x

  27. Kupaev V, Borisov O, Marutina E, Yan YX, Wang W (2016) Integration of suboptimal health status and endothelial dysfunction as a new aspect for risk evaluation of cardiovascular disease. EPMA J 7:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13167-016-0068-0

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Meng X, Wang B, Xu X, Song M, Hou H, Wang W, Wang Y (2022) Glycomic biomarkers are instrumental for suboptimal health status management in the context of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. EPMA J 13:195–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-022-00278-1

  29. Wang H, Tian Q, Zhang J, Liu H, Zhang J, Cao W, Zhang X, Li X, Wu L, Song M, Kong Y, Wang W, Wang Y (2021) Blood transcriptome profiling as potential biomarkers of suboptimal health status: potential utility of novel biomarkers for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine strategy. EPMA J 12:103–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-021-00238-1

  30. Anto EO, Roberts P, Coall DA, Adua E, Turpin CA, Tawiah A, Wang Y, Wang W (2020) Suboptimal health pregnant women are associated with increased oxidative stress and unbalanced pro- and antiangiogenic growth mediators: a cross-sectional study in a Ghanaian population. Free Radic Res 54:27–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2019.1685668

  31. Ding G, Zhao X, Wang Y, Song D, Chen D, Deng Y, Xing W, Dong H, Zhou Y, Li D, Hou H (2020) Evaluation of the relationship between cognitive impairment and suboptimal health status in a northern Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. J Glob Health 10:010804. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010804

  32. Adua E, Afrifa-Yamoah E, Frimpong K, Adama E, Karthigesu SP, Anto EO, Aboagye E, Yan Y, Wang Y, Tan X, Wang W (2021) Construct validity of the Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaire-25 in a Ghanaian population. Health Qual Life Outcomes 19:180. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01810-z

  33. Alzain MA, Asweto CO, Zhang J, Fang H, Zhao Z, Guo X, Song M, Zhou Y, Chang N, Wang Y, Wang W (2017) Telomere Length and Accelerated Biological Aging in the China Suboptimal Health Cohort: A Case-Control Study. OMICS 21:333–339. https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2017.0050

  34. Adua E, Memarian E, Russell A, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Gudelj I, Jurić J, Roberts P, Lauc G, Wang W (2019) Utilization of N-glycosylation profiles as risk stratification biomarkers for suboptimal health status and metabolic syndrome in a Ghanaian population. Biomark Med 13:1273–1287. https://doi.org/10.2217/bmm-2019-0005

  35. Wang H, Tian Q, Zhang J, Liu H, Zhang X, Cao W, Zhang J, Anto EO, Li X, Wang X, Liu D, Zheng Y, Guo Z, Wu L, Song M, Wang Y, Wang W (2020) Population-based case-control study revealed metabolomic biomarkers of suboptimal health status in Chinese population-potential utility for innovative approach by predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. EPMA J 11:147–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-020-00200-7

  36. Sun Q, Xu X, Zhang J, Sun M, Tian Q, Li Q, Cao W, Zhang X, Wang H, Liu J, Zhang J, Meng X, Wu L, Song M, Liu H, Wang W, Wang Y (2020) Association of suboptimal health status with intestinal microbiota in Chinese youths. J Cell Mol Med 24:1837–1847. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.14880

  37. Anto EO, Coall DA, Asiamah EA, Afriyie OO, Addai-Mensah O, Wiafe YA, Owiredu W, Obirikorang C, Annani-Akollor ME, Titiloye NA, Adua E, Acheampong E, Adu EA, Opoku S, Anto AO, Tawiah A, Wang Y, Wang W (2022) Placental lesions and differential expression of pro-and anti-angiogenic growth mediators and oxidative DNA damage marker in placentae of Ghanaian suboptimal and optimal health status pregnant women who later developed preeclampsia. PLoS One 17:e0265717. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265717

  38. Yan YX, Wu LJ, Xiao HB, Wang S, Dong J, Wang W (2018) Latent class analysis to evaluate performance of plasma cortisol, plasma catecholamines, and SHSQ-25 for early recognition of suboptimal health status. EPMA J 9:299–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-018-0144-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Zhu J, Ying W, Zhang L, Peng G, Chen W, Anto EO, Wang X, Lu N, Gao S, Wu G, Yan J, Ye J, Wu S, Yu C, Yue M, Huang X, Xu N, Ying P, Chen Y, Tan X, Wang W (2020) Psychological symptoms in Chinese nurses may be associated with predisposition to chronic disease: a cross-sectional study of suboptimal health status. EPMA J 11:551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-020-00225-y

  40. (CDC) CfDCaP. About Dementia. 2019. , from https://www.cdc.gov/aging/dementia/index.html

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kales HC, Gitlin LN, Lyketsos CG (2015) Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. BMJ 350:h369. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h369

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Langa KM, Larson EB, Crimmins EM, Faul JD, Levine DA, Kabeto MU, Weir DR (2017) A Comparison of the Prevalence of Dementia in the United States in 2000 and 2012. JAMA Intern Med 177:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.6807

  43. Bessey LJ, Walaszek A (2019) Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. Curr Psychiatry Rep 21:66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1049-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lourida I, Hannon E, Littlejohns TJ, Langa KM, Hyppönen E, Kuzma E, Llewellyn DJ (2019) Association of Lifestyle and Genetic Risk With Incidence of Dementia. JAMA 322:430–437. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.9879

  45. Licher S, Ahmad S, Karamujić-Čomić H, Voortman T, Leening MJG, Ikram MA, Ikram MK (2019) Genetic predisposition, modifiable-risk-factor profile and long-term dementia risk in the general population. Nat Med 25:1364–1369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0547-7

  46. Hukins D, Macleod U, Boland JW (2019) Identifying potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people with dementia: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 75:467–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-018-02612-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Grande G, Qiu C, Fratiglioni L (2020) Prevention of dementia in an ageing world: Evidence and biological rationale. Ageing Res Rev 64:101045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101045

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hendriks S, Peetoom K, Bakker C, van der Flier WM, Papma JM, Koopmans R, Verhey FRJ, de Vugt M, Köhler S; Young-Onset Dementia Epidemiology Study Group; Withall A, Parlevliet JL, Uysal-Bozkir Ö, Gibson RC, Neita SM, Nielsen TR, Salem LC, Nyberg J, Lopes MA, Dominguez JC, De Guzman MF, Egeberg A, Radford K, Broe T, Subramaniam M, Abdin E, Bruni AC, Di Lorenzo R, Smith K, Flicker L, Mol MO, Basta M, Yu D, Masika G, Petersen MS, Ruano L (2021) Global Prevalence of Young-Onset Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 78:1080–1090. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2161

  49. GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators (2022) Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health 7:e105–ee25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00249-8

  50. Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerlad A, Ames D, Ballard C, Banerjee S, Brayne C, Burns A, Cohen-Mansfield J, Cooper C, Costafreda SG, Dias A, Fox N, Gitlin LN, Howard R, Kales HC, Kivimäki M, Larson EB, Ogunniyi A, Orgeta V, Ritchie K, Rockwood K, Sampson EL, Samus Q, Schneider LS, Selbæk G, Teri L, Mukadam N (2020) Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet 396:413–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6

  51. Livingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V, Costafreda SG, Huntley J, Ames D, Ballard C, Banerjee S, Burns A, Cohen-Mansfield J, Cooper C, Fox N, Gitlin LN, Howard R, Kales HC, Larson EB, Ritchie K, Rockwood K, Sampson EL, Samus Q, Schneider LS, Selbæk G, Teri L, Mukadam N (2017) Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet 390:2673–2734. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31363-6

  52. Horstkötter D, Deckers K, Köhler S (2021) Primary Prevention of Dementia: An Ethical Review. J Alzheimers Dis 79:467–476. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-201104

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Fong TG, Inouye SK (2022) The inter-relationship between delirium and dementia: the importance of delirium prevention. Nat Rev Neurol 18:579–596. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-022-00698-7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Tariq S, Barber PA (2018) Dementia risk and prevention by targeting modifiable vascular risk factors. J Neurochem 144:565–581. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Cunningham EL, Todd SA, Passmore P, Bullock R, McGuinness B (2021) Pharmacological treatment of hypertension in people without prior cerebrovascular disease for the prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:Cd004034. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004034.pub4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Tipton PW, Graff-Radford NR (2018) Prevention of late-life dementia: what works and what does not. Pol Arch Intern Med 128:310–316. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.4263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Rosenberg A, Mangialasche F, Ngandu T, Solomon A, Kivipelto M (2020) Multidomain Interventions to Prevent Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, and Dementia: From FINGER to World-Wide FINGERS. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 7:29–36. https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2019.41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Cummings J, Lee G, Ritter A, Sabbagh M, Zhong K (2019) Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2019. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 5:272–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2019.05.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Dyer SM, Harrison SL, Laver K, Whitehead C, Crotty M (2018) An overview of systematic reviews of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 30:295–309. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002344

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Piller C (2022) Blots on a field? Science 377(6604):358–363. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ade0209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Liao YJ, Parajuli J, Jao YL, Kitko L, Berish D (2021) Non-pharmacological interventions for pain in people with dementia: A systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud 124:104082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104082

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Koch J, Amos JG, Beattie E, Lautenschlager NT, Doyle C, Anstey KJ, Mortby ME (2022) Non-pharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in residential aged care settings: An umbrella review. Int J Nurs Stud 128:104187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104187

  63. Chancellor B, Duncan A, Chatterjee A (2014) Art therapy for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. J Alzheimers Dis 39:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-131295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Gómez-Romero M, Jiménez-Palomares M, Rodríguez-Mansilla J, Flores-Nieto A, Garrido-Ardila EM, González López-Arza MV (2017) Benefits of music therapy on behaviour disorders in subjects diagnosed with dementia: a systematic review. Neurologia 32:253–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2014.11.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Meyer C, O'Keefe F (2020) Non-pharmacological interventions for people with dementia: A review of reviews. Dementia (London) 19:1927–1954. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301218813234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Govers R, Van Hecke E, Cabus P (2008) Delineating tourism: Defining the usual environment. Ann Tour Res 35:1053–1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.09.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Jordan E, Spencer D, Prayag G (2019) Tourism impacts, emotions and stress. Ann Tour Res 75:213–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.01.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Fredrickson BL, Cohn MA, Coffey KA, Pek J, Finkel SM (2008) Open hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. J Pers Soc Psychol 95:1045–1062. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013262

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Pressman SD, Cohen S (2005) Does positive affect influence health? Psychol Bull 131:925–971. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.925

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Wen J, Zheng D, Hu F (2022) The emerging concept of travel therapy in health science: Will it be applied to tourists visiting sub-frigid climate zones? Frigid Zone Med 2(4):200–203. https://doi.org/10.2478/fzm-2022-00042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Park S, Woo M, Nicolau J (2020) Determinant factors of tourist expenses. J Travel Res 59:267–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519829257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Buckley R (2019) Therapeutic mental health effects perceived by outdoor tourists: A large-scale, multi-decade, qualitative analysis. Ann Tour Res 77:164–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.12.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Fromel K, Kudlacek M, Groffik D (2020) Tourism and physical activity preferences: Development and sustainability strategy. Sustainablity 12:8824. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218824

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Abraha I, Rimland JM, Trotta FM, Dell'Aquila G, Cruz-Jentoft A, Petrovic M, Gudmundsson A, Soiza R, O'Mahony D, Guaita A, Cherubini A (2017) Systematic review of systematic reviews of non-pharmacological interventions to treat behavioural disturbances in older patients with dementia. The SENATOR-OnTop series The SENATOR-OnTop series. BMJ Open 7:e012759. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012759

  75. Zheng D, Wen J, Kozak M, Phau I, Hou H, Wang W (2023) Vulnerable populations with psychological disorders in tourism: Methodological challenges and recommended solutions for empirical research. Tour Manag 98:104760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104760

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia

    Fangli Hu

  2. School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia

    Jun Wen

  3. Department of Tourism, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Danni Zheng

  4. First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China

    Wei Wang

  5. Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Wei Wang

  6. School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China

    Wei Wang

  7. Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia

    Wei Wang

  8. Suboptimal Health Study Consortium, Kumasi, Ghana

    Wei Wang

  9. Suboptimal Health Study Consortium, Perth, Australia

    Wei Wang

  10. Suboptimal Health Study Consortium, Beijing, China

    Wei Wang

  11. Suboptimal Health Study Consortium, Bonn, Germany

    Wei Wang

  12. European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, EPMA, Brussels, Belgium

    Wei Wang

Authors
  1. Fangli Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jun Wen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Danni Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wei Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jun Wen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia

    Wei Wang

Ethics declarations

Declarations of interest: none.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hu, F., Wen, J., Zheng, D., Wang, W. (2024). Tourism, Suboptimal Health Status, and Dementia. In: Wang, W. (eds) All Around Suboptimal Health . Advances in Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, vol 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46891-9_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation