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Unity

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Scandinavia After Napoleon

Part of the book series: War, Culture and Society, 1750–1850 ((WCS))

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Abstract

This chapter gives an in-depth description of Scandinavianism. It presents the core tenets of the ideology and its changing placements within the general political spectrum. It explains the different types of Scandinavianism such as cultural, political, dynastic and practical Scandinavianism and their adherents. This includes an analysis of how different historical experiences cause different generations to prefer different types of Scandinavianism. The generation born around 1780, for example, clearly preferred cultural Scandinavianism, whereas the generation born during the Napoleonic Wars preferred political Scandinavianism. This leads to a discussion of how Scandinavianists saw themselves and understood their Scandinavian identity. Here it is argued that the Scandinavianist ideology existed both in a ‘weak’ and in a ‘strong’ form. The former was pan-national, while the latter was national. Hence, the former saw a Scandinavian identity as an extension of a national Norwegian, Swedish or Danish national identity, while the latter saw Scandinavia as the nation. Hereafter, the chapter analyses how Scandinavianists selected and constructed a useable past, how the ideology was expressed within philology, art and literature, and how it was disseminated through networks, meetings, conferences, student assemblies, societies and the public sphere.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Hemstad (2018b, 1, 15 ff).

  2. 2.

    Hansen (2008, 13), Hemstad (2018c, 30–33, 38–39), Sanness (1959, 225 ff).

  3. 3.

    Johnsen (2018, 16, 81ff), Burman (2002, 261–262), Holmberg (1984, 172–174), Alm (1856, 85, 122), Danstrup (1944, 209, 217, 245 ff., 280).

  4. 4.

    Holmberg (1984, 180), Gerven (2020, 105 ff), Hemstad (2008).

  5. 5.

    Sanness (1959, 451, 513), Burman (2002, 256), Hedin (1863, 181).

  6. 6.

    Daa (1849a, 21), Alm (1856, 85–90), Hedin (1863, 176–179), Lallerstedt (1856, 259–260), Danstrup (1944, 28).

  7. 7.

    Lallerstedt (1856, 209), Jorgensen (1935, 136–139), Danstrup (1944, 233).

  8. 8.

    Glenthøj (2016a), Møller (1948, 174).

  9. 9.

    Seip (1990, 58), Holmberg (1946, 65 ff.), Lund (1898, II, 149).

  10. 10.

    See for example Eriksson (1954, 411), Seip (1971, 298).

  11. 11.

    Langewiesche (2013), Møller (2014, 22), Sanness (1959, 595 ff.), Becker-Christensen (1981, 56–91), Elvander (1961, 369).

  12. 12.

    Hroch (2000 [1985]), Leerssen (2018, 18–20).

  13. 13.

    Galster (1958, 74), Glenthøj (2012, 270–271, 347), Becker-Christensen (1981, 33 ff).

  14. 14.

    Hansen (2008, 21), Engberg (2005, II, 137), Eriksson (1991, 147), Caiani (2017, 437–460, 440–441).

  15. 15.

    Seip (1981 (II), 40), Danstrup (1944, 236–244), Vammen (2011, 112 ff.), Engdahl (1999, 442), Sanness (1959, 15 ff., 104 ff.), Sturzen-Becker (1911, 10–11), Nordin (1987, 250).

  16. 16.

    Seip (1981 (II), 31, 39–40), Seip (1990, 132f), Alm (1856, 185–186), Blixen (1857, 10), Hedin (1863, 130–133), Clausen (1900, 46 ff).

  17. 17.

    Hobsbawm (2002 [1992], 5–9), Gellner (2002 [1983], 7), Anderson (2000 [1983], 6–7).

  18. 18.

    Smith (2001, 18, 2009, 27–30), Langewiesche (2009, 136).

  19. 19.

    Sørensen (2001, 235–236), Gerven (2020, 30, 196), Stråth and Sørensen (1997, 22).

  20. 20.

    Hedin (1863, 87), Forchhammer (1860, 1), Brock and Rolfsen (1875, XVIII), Johnsen (2018, 58), Glenthøj (2012, 177 ff.), Sanness (1959, 495).

  21. 21.

    Daa (1849a, 55), Ploug (1844, II-III, 12–14), Rosenberg (1865 (IV), 24–25), Sparre (1862, 3 ff.), Sanness (1959, 453).

  22. 22.

    Storsveen (1998, 230, 235), Hutchinson (2005, 36–37), Daa (1849b, 10 ff., 54), Hansen (2008, 65).

  23. 23.

    Schanz (2002, 153), Berger (2016, 83–84), Sparre (1862, 3–4), Alm (1856, 52).

  24. 24.

    Heiss m.fl. (2008, 386–388), Lorenz (2008, 38), Jorgensen (1935, 67), Østergård (1994, 11), Vind (2014, 178 ff.), Sanness (1959, 55 ff., 225, 2002, 51–52).

  25. 25.

    Gerven (2020, 59), Glenthøj (2012, 252), Hansen (2008, 66 ff), Burman (2002, 259–260), Sanness (1959, 46ff).

  26. 26.

    Gerven (2020, 39 ff).

  27. 27.

    Hansen (2008, 1, 20), Worsaae (1844, 3 ff.), Bjursten (1852, 115–117), Alm (1856, 81, 88–90, 123), Stråth (2005, 189), Rosenberg (1864, 34–35), Ploug (1844, 43, 51–52), Ekman (2010, 15 ff.), Glenthøj (2016a, 12–29, 2016b, 270–297), Sanness (1959, 55 ff., 288 ff.), Madvig (1844, 14 ff.), Gerven (2020, 43, 50–52, 54–56, 63).

  28. 28.

    Hutchinson (2005, 37, 47). Storsveen (1998, 232. Jf.), Glenthøj (2012, 33, 253, 2014, 48–51), Postén (1975, 78).

  29. 29.

    Berger (2016, 95, 74–75), Birkeland (1866), Hansen (2008, 73–78). Koht, Worm-Müller, Steen (1935, 26–28), Sanness (1959, 16, 19 ff., 29, 38 ff., 46 ff).

  30. 30.

    Gerven (2020, 118 ff.), Glenthøj (2012, 258).

  31. 31.

    Møller (1948, 184–185), Aronsson et al. (2008), Gerven (2020, 129).

  32. 32.

    Gerven (2020, 134 ff., 172 ff).

  33. 33.

    Ekman (2010, 95, 111), Holmberg (1946, 91), Sanness (1959, 79, 183, 226, 234, 245, 422), Bisgaard (2019, 385 ff.), Allen (1864–1872), Gerven (2020, 127–128), Burman (2002, 257–260).

  34. 34.

    Afzelius (1846, 44), Alm (1856, 83–84), Petersen (1853, 4–5).

  35. 35.

    Petersen (1853, 30–31, 41–42).

  36. 36.

    Gerven (2020, 109).

  37. 37.

    For Serbo-Croatian, see Thiesse (2022, 61–62).

  38. 38.

    Ekman (2010, 9–14, 229 ff.), Ploug (1901, 443).

  39. 39.

    Grand and Oelsner (2014, 72–73), Glenthøj (2012, 271, 355), Ekman (2010, 35 ff., 49–50), Vind (2014), Østergård (1994, 11), Jorgensen (1935, 69–71), Thorkildsen and Österlin (1998, 63–69), Engdahl (1999), Vinge (1999, 463 ff.), Lönnroth (1999), Elam (1999).

  40. 40.

    Hansen (2018, 163, 171, 179), Ekman (2010, 117), Clausen (1900, 31–32).

  41. 41.

    Ekman (2010, 16–17, 53, 153), Clausen (1900, 54), Møller (1948, 213).

  42. 42.

    Ekman (2010, 125–127, 147, 158 ff.), Becker-Christensen (1981, 34 ff.), Clausen (1900, 40–41).

  43. 43.

    Høyen (1844, 3, 11–15), Grand (2015, 57–59), Grand and Oelsner (2014, 75, 83–86, 90).

  44. 44.

    Hyltén-Cavallius (1929, 124 ff.), Holmberg (1946, 107 ff.), Gerven (2020, 162), Ekman (2010, 68, 74, 89, 117, 155, 206 ff., 229 ff.), Hansen (2008), Haugan (2016). Quotation: Ekmann (2010, 179).

  45. 45.

    Cited from Eriksson (1991, 412).

  46. 46.

    Gerven (2020, 207–208), Glenthøj (2012), Sanness (1959, 15 ff., 275).

  47. 47.

    Ekman (2010, 167 ff.), Sanness (1959, 15 ff., 67 ff., 73 ff., 86 ff.), Roos (2019), Glenthøj (2012, 352–355).

  48. 48.

    Sanness (1959, 15 ff., 99 ff., 108, 149 ff., 165 ff., 249 ff., 277, 288 ff., 324, 333 ff., 468, 543 ff.) Quotation: Sørensen (2004, 76).

  49. 49.

    Ekman (2010, 170 ff.), Sanness (1959).

  50. 50.

    Gerven (2020, 89), Haugan (2016), Glenthøj (2012, 339–357), Frandsen (1996, 10).

  51. 51.

    Gerven (2020, 89), Glenthøj og Ottosen (2014, 209–212).

  52. 52.

    Ekman (2010, 48, 44–57, 60, 142, 165), Rerup (1991, 363–364), Clausen (1900, 30 ff.), Becker-Christensen (1981, 34 ff.), Holmberg (1946, 26), Møller (1948).

  53. 53.

    Eriksson (1991, 193), Hemstad (2008, 50, 64 ff., 70 ff.), Seip (1981, 39–40), Møller (1948, 208), Tamm (2016, 459 ff).

  54. 54.

    Eriksson (1991, 19–110, 401), Hemstad (2008, 30, 48–50), Ørsted (1840, 3 (quotation), 9–10, 13–15), Hemstad (2008, 48–50).

  55. 55.

    Forhandlinger (1849, 970–985), Sanness (1959, 542), Eriksson (1991, 422–443).

  56. 56.

    Clausen (1900, 38 ff.), Becker-Christensen (1981, 133), Hemstad (2008, 605 ff.), Ekman (2010, 170).

  57. 57.

    Studentertogt (1853, V, 34), Hedin (1863, 1), Bjursten (1852, 134), Alm (1856, 46). Citater: Brock and Rolfsen (1875, 268).

  58. 58.

    Hedin (1863, 1), Brock and Rolfsen (1875, 268–269), Hemstad (2008, 80–83).

  59. 59.

    Afzelius (1846, 44), Bjursten (1852, 51, 66), Studentertogt (1853, 30–31), Hyltén-Cavallius (1929, 103–104, 146–147), Møller (1948, 179), Jørgensen (2012), Gerven (2020, 186–187).

  60. 60.

    Ploug (1844, 91 ff.), Becker-Christensen (1981, 122, 124, 170), Sanness (1959, 10).

  61. 61.

    Hemstad (2018a, 14–15), Burman (2002, 255), Hvass and Miss (1986, 29–33), Hyltén-Cavallius (1929, 124 ff., 146–147), Johnsen (2018, 49), Nilsson (2001, 327–328).

  62. 62.

    Hemstad (2008, 57), Møller (1948, 202), Gerven (2020, 99).

  63. 63.

    Wimmer (2018, 10, cf. 113 ff).

  64. 64.

    Glenthøj (2012, 359 ff.), Hemstad (2019a, b), Grand (2015, 35–41).

  65. 65.

    Clausen (1900, 40 ff.), Becker-Christensen (1981, 37–41), Eriksson (1991, 188 ff., 407, 433 ff).

  66. 66.

    Glenthøj (2014, 200), Holmberg (1946, 52 ff.), Møller (1948, 200). Quoted from Johnsen (2018, 46).

  67. 67.

    Johnsen (2018, 23), Ekman (2010, 69, 173), Møller (1948, 200), Holmberg (1946, 109 ff).

  68. 68.

    Harvard and Hillstrøm (2013).

  69. 69.

    Harvard and Hillstrøm (2013, 93), Johnsen (2018, V, 42–43, 47–52, 76–77, 116, 120).

  70. 70.

    Harvard and Hillstrøm (2013, 78–79), Johnsen (2018, 2, 99, 105 ff.), Boberg (1989), Nordmark et al. (2001), Jensen (1971), Eriksson (1939, 1940), Holmberg (1946, 254 ff., 269), Møller (1948, 44).

  71. 71.

    Snyder (1984, 4–7), Leerssen (2018, 18, 25–26, 36), Smith (2001, 9), Breuilly (1998 [1993], 2).

  72. 72.

    Lehmann (1903, 78).

  73. 73.

    Konow (1850, 240–241), Danstrup (1944, 254–255).

  74. 74.

    Konow (1850, 240–241).

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Glenthøj, R., Ottosen, M.N. (2024). Unity. In: Scandinavia After Napoleon. War, Culture and Society, 1750–1850. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46561-1_4

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