Abstract
Usually regarded by historians as the definite end point of political Scandinavianism, Denmark’s defeat in 1864 was anything but. As this chapter shows, efforts to bring about Scandinavian unification by any means possible continued into 1865 with the hatching of yet another plan for revolution, presented to Charles XV with the names of high-ranking politicians involved. Moreover, leading Scandinavianists contributed to the formation of new Scandinavian societies with a view to begin a long-term nurturing of a broader revolutionary movement. The chapter argues that it was only in July 1866 that political Scandinavianism was dealt a blow from which it never recovered. At this point it became clear that the introduction of Swedish parliamentary reform in late 1865 would not be followed by the Scandinavianist reshuffle of the Swedish government that Charles XV and several Scandinavianists had come to anticipate, whereas Prussia’s victory over Austria dashed Scandinavianist hopes that Bismarck would see a united Scandinavia as a useful ally and pay for it with the return of Northern Schleswig. Thus, Scandinavianism was left to continue along a “practical” path as a number of smaller-scale reforms continued to be pursued. There was also a coda to the question of dynastic unification of Scandinavia through the engagement and marriage in 1868–1869 of the Danish crown prince and Charles XV’s daughter, putting a definite end to revolutionary Scandinavianist aspirations of installing a Bernadotte on the Danish throne. The chapter concludes by discussing a brief resurgence of Scandinavianist aims during the Franco-Prussian War, although there was never really a question of Scandinavian involvement in this conflict.
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Notes
- 1.
KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Rosenmüller to Qvanten 04.01.1865, 18.02.1865 (quotation), 03.03.1865 and 28.10.1865; Rosenberg to Qvanten 03.03.1865; Qvanten (1889, 827).
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
Gullberg (1952, 132), BFA. Karl XV’s arkiv. No. 13. [without title or name]. København 29.01.1865.
- 5.
- 6.
Heyer [Clemens Hebbe] (1865, 5, 36 (first and second quotation)), BFA. Karl XV’s arkiv. No. 13. [without title or name]. København 29.01.1865 (third quotation); RAK. PA-6946. 3. XV-24. “Paris, 13 December 1864” and “Berlin, 16 December, 10 pm”; KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Rosenmüller to Qvanten 04.01.1865 (last quotation); Gullberg (1952, 130–131, 174), Hähnsen (1929 (I), 465–446), Hansen (1875, 33–38), Hansen (1880, 49), Friis (1921a (I), 45), Krieger (1921 (III), 253–255, cf. 222, 247) and Müller (1928, 32).
- 7.
BFA. Karl XV’s arkiv. No. 13. [without title or name]. København 29.01.1865 (all quotations).
- 8.
RAK. PA-6946. 3. XV-24. “Berlin, 16. december, 10 pm” (quotation); Krieger (1921 (III), 253), OBS. Beständen B 30/18. Carlsen to Bismarck 09.01.1858, KAK. Gl. Kjøgegaard arkiv. Pk. 29/9. Carlsen to Bismarck 12.11.1864 (draft).
- 9.
KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Rosenberg to Qvanten 03.03.1865.
- 10.
Bååth-Holmberg (1906, 72–74).
- 11.
- 12.
Krieger (1921 (III), 264, cf., 1925 VII, 75), Müller (1928, 30 f., 34 ff.), Hansen (1880, 52–62). Qvanten (1889, 827, 829); Krieger (1921 (III), 260, 269); KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Rosenberg to Qvanten 03.03.1865; KBS. Sohlmans Samling. L10:3. Rosenberg to Sohlman 04.02.1865; Bruun (1961, 118), Hansen (2008, 85), Kaartvedt (1970 (II), 480) and Manthey (1909 (I), 427, 432).
- 13.
Hähnsen (1929a (I), 377–378, 393–394, 397–401, 412–413 (cf. 413n), 414–416).
- 14.
Hähnsen (1929a (I), 398).
- 15.
Gullberg (1952, 133–135); Lundh (1946b, 256–257, 1950, 49–50); Eimer (1978, 401); RAS. Tosterupsamlingen. 2. 01. 10. Wachtmeister to Ehrensvärd 21.04.1865; KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Rosenmüller to Qvanten 28.10.1865; RAS. O.M.F. Björnstjernas arkiv. E6910. Wachtmeister to Björnstjerna 12.04.1865, 11.11.1865, 19.03.1866, 01.05.1866.
- 16.
Hansen (1880, 49 ff.), Hansen (1875, 37–38), Friis (1921b (I), 59–78), Müller (1928, 30 ff.), Neergaard (1916 (II:2), 1557 f.), Carlquist (1914 (II), 189–190), Müller (1928, 29), Bruun (1961, 114, 117). KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Carlsen to Sohlmann 28.05.1865; KBS. Sohlmans Samling. L10:3. Rosenberg to Sohlman 04.02.1865; KBS. Sohlmans Samling. L10:2. Ploug to Sohlman 31.10.1865; KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Rosenberg to Qvanten 03.03.1865.
- 17.
Carlquist (1914 (II), 189–190).
- 18.
Bååth-Holmberg (1906, 86); Enhver sit, 12.03.1865 and 26.08.1865 (cf. 01.01.1865; 08.01.1865; 29.01.1865; 05.03.1865; 27.03.1865; 02.04.1865; 09.04.1865; 07.05.1865; 14.05.1865; 28.05.1865); Fædrelandet 13.01.1865; BFA. Karl XV’s arkiv. No. 13. [without title or name]. København 29.01.1865; KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Undated and unsigned attachment to Rosenmüller to Qvanten 05.12.1864 and Rosenberg to Qvanten 03.03.1865; Hähnsen (1929a (I), 377–378), Muller (1928, 32–33), Michaelsen (1890 (II), 69–70 (quotation)), Krieger (1921 (III), 237–238, 253–255, 276), Glenthøj and Ottosen (2022) and Møller (2022).
- 19.
- 20.
Hemstad (2008, 20–31, 68–84), Møller (1948, 421–438), Seip (1971, 306–308, 345), Lundh (1950, 16–18), Thorkildsen (1994, 204), Hansen (2008, 83–96), Harvard and Hillström (2013, 90–91), Møller (1953–1954, 71), Ericson Wolke (2007b, 75), Mårald (1974, 28. Jf.), Stråth (2005, 197–200, 227–228), Eriksson (1954, 385), KBS. Sohlmans Samling. L10:3. Rosenberg to Sohlman 14.04.1866 (quotation).
- 21.
Qvanten (1889, 525–526).
- 22.
Clausen (1900, 214–216, 223–224), Lundh (1950, 75, 168–169, 188–189), Hemstad (2008, 77), KAK. Gl. Kjøgegaard arkiv. Pk. 29/6. Rosenberg to Carlsen 07.07.1869; Møller (1960, 205), RAK. PA-5255. 3. Tscherning to Carlsen 26.12.1864; KBS. Sohlmans Samling. L10:3. Rosenberg to Sohlman 04.02.1865; KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Juel to Qvanten 04.03.1865; Eimer (1978, 402), Key (1915, 243–244), Nilsson (2010, 31); Seip (1971, 301, 308, 311), Seip (1990, 145) and Møller (1948, 433).
- 23.
Clausen (1900, 215–216); KAK. Gl. Kjøgegaard arkiv. Pk. 29/6. Rosenberg to Carlsen 13.07.1866 and 06.08.1867; KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Rosenberg to Qvanten 22.05.1866 and 21.11.1866; Møller (1960, 204–205, 214), RAK. PA-5255. 2.B. Christensen to Carlsen. København 21.03.1866; RAK. PA-6138. A.I. 1. Sohlman to Ploug 25.11.1865; Møller (1948, 422–423, 430), Lundh (1950, 32), Hemstad (2008, 77), Hansen (2008, 41–43), Friis (1959, 21), RAK. Kongehuset. Frederik 8. I. A. C. 2. “2nd October 1868”; KAK. Gl. Kjøgegaard arkiv. Pk. 29/3. Oscar to Carlsen 15.07.1865, 23.12.1865, 17.02.1866, 02.08.1867, 11.08.1867, 04.10.1868, 06.01.1869, 28.09.1869; Stråth 2005, 217; KAK. Gl. Kjøgegaard arkiv. 29/7. Tornérhjelm to Carlsen 24.09.1865; De Geer (1906 [1892] (II), 81–82).
- 24.
KAK. Gl. Kjøgegaard arkiv. Pk. 29/6. Rosenberg to Carlsen 30.12.1878.
- 25.
- 26.
- 27.
Harvard and Hillström (2013, 89–91), Hemstad (2008, 78–79), Lundh (1950, 75–76, 78–82), Mårald (1974, 28), Hansen (2008, 33–34); KAK. Gl. Kjøgegaard arkiv. Pk. 29/6. Rosenberg to Carlsen 13.07.1866; Clausen (1900, 218–222), Lundh (1950, 81–83), Ploug (1901, 578–579), Hähnsen (1929a (I), 483–485), Hähnsen (1929b (II), 13–15), KBS. Sohlmans Samling. L10:2. Ploug to Sohlman 08.07.1866; Krieger 1921 (III), 382–383; KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Birkeland to Rosenberg 27.04.1868; Göteborgsposten 06.11.1874 (quotation).
- 28.
- 29.
Kihlberg (1922, 72–81), Stråth (2005, 223–226), Norberg (1998, 164–169), De Geer (1906 [1892] (II), 1–19), Dardel (1911–1912 (II), 150–157), Ohlsson (1994, 169–177, 196), Norborg (1977, 189–190), Norborg (1999 [1981], 85–88), De Geer (1929, 214, cf. 97–100), Gasslander (1949, 383) and Stråth (2012, 60–61).
- 30.
- 31.
KAK. Gl. Kjøgegaard arkiv. Pk. 29/6. Rosenberg to Carlsen 13.07.1866; Lundh (1950, 45–46), Friis (1934–1936, 593–595), Hedin (1953, 70, 74–75); KBS. Sohlmans Samling. L10:2. Sohlman to Ploug 25.11.1865; Kaartvedt (1976 (II), 386), Qvanten (1889, 663), Eriksson (1954, 385–387), Hansen (2008, 43) and Kihlberg (1922, 74).
- 32.
- 33.
- 34.
- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
- 38.
- 39.
RAS. LDGS. 4. Politica. Copy of Göteborgsposten 06.11.1874.
- 40.
Glenthøj (2014, 430–520).
- 41.
- 42.
Kaartvedt (1976 (III), 330–331).
- 43.
Showalter (1975), Wawro (1996, 2003, 41 ff., 65 ff.), Kauffmann (1865), Lundh (1950, 65, 72–74, 106–107, 182–184), Eriksson (1954, 393–394); Furtenbach (1964, 81), Ericson Wolke (2007a, 80–81, 2007b, 142–144), Hellstenius (2000, 71–72, 155–157, 163–167, 2007, 71–72), Holm (1942, 530–531), Gullberg (1952, 136–137, 214–220, 249–251, 330), Norborg (1999 [1981], 169–170), Ohlsson (1994, 191–192), Friis (1959, 22), Berg (2001, 168–172, 179 ff.), Seip (1990, 99), Svare (1939–1950 (II), 224–225), Kaartvedt (1976 (III), 508), Bjerg (1972–1974, 2–7), Nielsen (1979, 70–109), Bjørn and Due-Nielsen (2003, 345–347), KAK. Gl. Kjøgegaard arkiv. Pk. 29/6. Rosenberg to Carlsen 13.07.1866.
- 44.
Gullberg (1952, 145, 187, 206–207, 210–211), Seip (1971, 308–309 (first quotation), 325 (third quotation), 341–346), Odhner (1867), Møller (1948, 431), Birkeland (1920, 134), Mankell (1865, 13–16, 33–35), Gullberg (1952, 145), Lundh (1950, 72–73, 183–184), Hansen (2008, 51–52, 91–92), Seip (1990, 145, 148–150), Seip (1981 (II), 42–43), Clausen (1900, 209–210), Berg (2001, 179 ff.), Mårald (1974, 34–35 (second quotation), 45), Eriksson (1954, 402–403), Ohlsson (1994, 184 ff.), KBS. Sohlmans Samling. L10:2. Broch to Sohlman 27.04.1872.
- 45.
Lundh (1950, 87–91, 96–97), Gullberg (1952, 141–143, 169–170), Eimer (1978, 313), Nielsen (1979, 15 ff., 70–90, 104–105), Lundh (1946b, 257–258, 278), Bjørn and Due-Nielsen (2003, 345–346), Bridge and Bullen (2004, 153–154), Bruhn (2017, 195–199), Kaartvedt (1976 (III), 455, cf. 452, 498–499), KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Hasle to Qvanten 21.05.1866; KBS. Sohlmans Samling. L10:3. Rosenberg to Sohlman 30.07.1866. On the Austro-Prussian War, see Wawro (1996).
- 46.
Post- och Inrikes Tidningar 27.09.1865; Eriksson (1954, 389–390), Gullberg (1952, 185–186, 204 (quotation), 208–209, 320–323), RAS. O.M.F. Björnstjernas arkiv. E6910. Wachtmeister to Björnstjerna 24.10.1865, Lundh (1950, 155–156), Eriksson (1954, 389–390), Mårald (1974, 36–34), Holmberg (1946, 220–224), Lundh (1946a, 288) and Hähnsen (1929b (II), 94–95).
- 47.
Lundh (1950, 83, 144–145, 147–155, 164–165), Gullberg (1952, 137–140, 178, 183–184, 189, 191), Møller (1948, 434–435), Kaartvedt (1976 (III), 455), Nielsen (1979, 20–28), Pottinger (1966, 54, 171–181), Wawro (2003, 13), Showalter (1975, 55–56), Bjørn and Due-Nielsen (2003, 339–340), Hansen (1880, 106–114, 119–128, 42–46); KBS. Sohlmans Samling. L10:3. Rosenberg to Sohlman 30.07.1866 (quotation).
- 48.
- 49.
- 50.
- 51.
- 52.
Lundh (1950, 60–63, 98, 110–113, 138–142, 156–162, 183–188, 194), Lundh (1946b, 260–263, 280–285, 287). Gullberg (1952, 144–145, 169–170, 208–212 (second quotation 209), 228–234, 238–244, 268, 320–323), Friis (1959, 27, 1963, 32–33), KAK. Gl. Kjøgegaard arkiv. Pk. 29/3. Oscar to Carlsen 02.08.1867; Hähnsen (1929a (I), 483–485), Mårald (1974, 30–33), Eriksson (1954, 392), Manthey (1909 (I), 509), Kaartvedt (1990 (VI), 253), Clausen (1903, 242 (third quotation)), KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Rosenberg to Qvanten 30.10.1868.
- 53.
Seip (1971, 298 (first quotation)), KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Birkeland to Rosenberg 30.03.1867 and 27.04.1868 (second quotation).
- 54.
- 55.
KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Birkeland to Rosenberg 30.03.1867 and 27.04.1868 (quotation).
- 56.
Seip (1971, 316–319, 325–330, 332–336, 347–349), Hansen (2008, 97–110), Seip (1981 (II), 77–79), Jorgensen (1935, 382), KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Birkeland to Rosenberg 20.03.1867; Hemstad (2008, 74–75, 80–82), KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Birkeland to Rosenberg 27.04.1868; Møller (1948, 433–434), Clausen (1900, 212), Christophersen (1959, 148–149) and Stråth (2005, 243–245).
- 57.
Stråth (2005, 196–197, 232–234, 238–246), Seip (1981 (II), 40–42, 77–82), (Seip 1971, 311, 309–323, 331–332), Clausen (1900, 210–213), Seip (1990, 90–94, 139, 143–145), Jorgensen (1935, 356–363), Hjelm (1950, 13–15), Hemstad (2008, 75), Keilhau (1931, 425–430), Manthey (1909 (I), 507, 514–515), Clausen (1903, 241–244), Seip (1974, 81–82) and Dahl (1990, 86–155).
- 58.
- 59.
RAK. Kongehuset. Frederik 8. I. A. C. 2. “2den October 1868” (first and third quotation) and “Den 30de Januar 1869”.
- 60.
Andræ (1894, 14–15), RAK. PA-5255. 1. Christian IX to Carlsen 24.07.1865 and Monrad to Carlsen 07.07.1865; RAK. PA- 05255. 3. Qvanten to Carlsen 26.04.1867; KBS. HS. Ep. Q 1. Rosenberg to Qvanten 15.07.1867 (quotation); Manthey (1909 (I), 456, 1919 (II), 87), Friis (1959, 31–35), Smidt (2020, 53, 69–70, 106–107, 119 ff.), Møller (1948, 423, 428), Gullberg (1952, 133), Jansson (2007, 122), Eriksson (1954, 392), Stråth (2005, 219) and Hedin (1953, 73–74, 195).
- 61.
KAK. Gl. Kjøgegaard arkiv. Pk. 29/6. Rosenberg to Carlsen 11.07.1867; KAK. Gl. Kjøgegaard arkiv. Pk. 29/4. Carlsen to Hall 10.08.1867; Gullberg (1952, 236–244), Friis (1959, 4–7, 17–20, 28–29, 32, 36, 46–49, 59), Stråth (2005, 217–219), Møller (1948, 436–438), Eriksson (1954, 409–410, 418–420), Björk-Winberg (2016, 81) and Bååth-Holmberg (1906, 91–92, 100).
- 62.
Jansson (2007, 127–128).
- 63.
- 64.
- 65.
- 66.
- 67.
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• Pk. 29/6. Rosenberg to Carlsen 30.12.1878.
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• 29/7. Tornérhjelm to Carlsen 24.09.1865.
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• L10:2. Sohlman to Ploug 25.11.1865.
• L10:2. Ploug to Sohlman 08.07.1866.
• L10:2. Broch to Sohlman 27.04.1872.
• L10:3. Rosenberg to Sohlman 04.02.1865.
• L10:3. Rosenberg to Sohlman 14.04.1866.
• L10:3. Rosenberg to Sohlman 30.07.1866.
• L10:3. Rosenberg to Sohlman 17th July 1870.
Handskriftsamlingen (HS). Ep. Q 1: Brev till och från Emil von Qvanten.
• Rosenmüller to Qvanten 04.01.1865, 18.02.1865, 03.03.1865 and 28.10.1865.
• Rosenberg to Qvanten 03.03.1865.
• Rosenberg to Qvanten 22.05.1866.
Rosenberg to Qvanten 21.11.1866.
• Rosenberg to Qvanten 15.07.1867.
• Rosenberg to Qvanten 30.10.1868.
• Carlsen to Sohlmann 28.05.1865.
• Juel to Qvanten 04.03.1865.
• Birkeland to Rosenberg 20.03.1867.
• Birkeland to Rosenberg 30.03.1867.
• Birkeland to Rosenberg 27.04.1868.
• Hasle to Qvanten 21.05.1866.
• Hedin to unknown [probably Rosenberg] 13.10.[1866].
Handskriftsamlingen (HS). Ep. S 42: Red. Aug. Sohlmans politiska korrespondens.
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Hamilton. Handlingar (HH).
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Newspapers and Periodicals
Fædrelandet
13.01.1865.
07.03.1865.
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06.11.1864.
Post- och Inrikes Tidningar
27.09.1865.
Enhver sit
01.01.1865.
08.01.1865.
29.01.1865.
05.03.1865.
12.03.1865.
27.03.1865.
02.04.1865.
09.04.1865.
07.05.1865.
14.05.1865.
28.05.1865.
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Glenthøj, R., Ottosen, M.N. (2024). From Zenith to Twilight. In: Scandinavia and Bismarck. War, Culture and Society, 1750–1850. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46557-4_8
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