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Visas and Vistas

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Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Astronomy

Part of the book series: Space and Society ((SPSO))

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Abstract

This chapter focuses on activists who sought to take down barriers based on nationality and passports. It tells the story of the International Astronomical Union’s Commission 38 on Exchange of Astronomers, which supported travel worldwide. It also sheds light on amateur astronomers who reached out to peers in countries excluded from the international scientific community, like Iran. Their efforts went beyond securing visas for people who were marginalized because of nationality and country of birth. Through new organizations like Astronomers Without Borders (AWB), they also spread new visions of Earth as a planet without political borders.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Gingerich (1973), 23.

  2. 2.

    Bok (1974), 51.

  3. 3.

    Gingerich (1973), 23–24.

  4. 4.

    Gingerich (1973), 24.

  5. 5.

    New York Times (1941).

  6. 6.

    Morris (1946).

  7. 7.

    Wang (1999), 118.

  8. 8.

    Wang (1999), 129.

  9. 9.

    Price (1973), 129.

  10. 10.

    Eremeeva (1995), 310.

  11. 11.

    Shapley (1969), 154–55.

  12. 12.

    Shapley (1969), 154.

  13. 13.

    Sobel (2016), 254–55.

  14. 14.

    Palmeri (2000), 173–74.

  15. 15.

    Welther (1986).

  16. 16.

    Shapley (1966).

  17. 17.

    Rossiter (1995), 327.

  18. 18.

    Yost (1943), 29.

  19. 19.

    Wayman (2002).

  20. 20.

    Jones (1984).

  21. 21.

    Shapley (1969), 149.

  22. 22.

    Shapley (1946), 108.

  23. 23.

    Shapley (1969), 156–57.

  24. 24.

    Rossi (1985).

  25. 25.

    Kuznick (1987).

  26. 26.

    Jones (1984), 209.

  27. 27.

    Palmeri (2000), 122.

  28. 28.

    Shapley (1966)

  29. 29.

    Jones (1984), 210.

  30. 30.

    Kidwell (1987).

  31. 31.

    Wielen (2019), 205.

  32. 32.

    Blaauw (1994), 60.

  33. 33.

    Blaauw (1994), 7.

  34. 34.

    Blaauw (1994), 72–73.

  35. 35.

    Wielen (2019).

  36. 36.

    Blaauw (1994), 148.

  37. 37.

    Blaauw (1994), 148–49.

  38. 38.

    Blaauw (1994), 160.

  39. 39.

    Blaauw (1994), 162.

  40. 40.

    Stratton (1950).

  41. 41.

    Stratton (1954).

  42. 42.

    Shapley (1945), 16.

  43. 43.

    Shapley (1945), 16.

  44. 44.

    Shapley (1950).

  45. 45.

    Shapley (1950), 422.

  46. 46.

    Shapley (1957), 560.

  47. 47.

    Shapley (1954), 606.

  48. 48.

    Armstrong (1954), 217.

  49. 49.

    International Astronomical Union (1950), 3.

  50. 50.

    International Astronomical Union (1951), appendix A.

  51. 51.

    International Astronomical Union (1951), appendix B.

  52. 52.

    International Astronomical Union (1951), appendix C.

  53. 53.

    Huffer (1950), 314.

  54. 54.

    Oosterhoff (1952).

  55. 55.

    Shapley (1957).

  56. 56.

    Jarrett (1976).

  57. 57.

    Blaauw (1991).

  58. 58.

    Ambarzumjan (1958).

  59. 59.

    Struve (1958).

  60. 60.

    Blaauw (1994), 220.

  61. 61.

    Blaauw (1994), 193–94.

  62. 62.

    Blaauw (1994), 224.

  63. 63.

    Blaauw (1994), 195–96.

  64. 64.

    Blaauw (1994), 162.

  65. 65.

    Kniesche (2007), 160.

  66. 66.

    Frater et al. (2017), 85.

  67. 67.

    Wang (2016).

  68. 68.

    Wang (2009), 33–34.

  69. 69.

    Wang (2009), 34.

  70. 70.

    Orchiston and Swarup (2019), 373.

  71. 71.

    Kellermann et al. (2021), 41.

  72. 72.

    Wang (2009), 36.

  73. 73.

    Swarup (2008), 194.

  74. 74.

    Miley (1974a), 148–49.

  75. 75.

    Miley (1974b), 20.

  76. 76.

    Liu (2019), 225.

  77. 77.

    Goldberg (1974), 63.

  78. 78.

    Müller and Jappel (1977), 20.

  79. 79.

    Booth et al. (1976).

  80. 80.

    Miley (2022), 319.

  81. 81.

    Blaauw (1994), 200–203.

  82. 82.

    Wayman (1981), 6.

  83. 83.

    Kopal (1982).

  84. 84.

    Hearnshaw (2019), 375.

  85. 85.

    Minnaert (1966), 80.

  86. 86.

    Stratton (1960).

  87. 87.

    Minnaert (1966), 80.

  88. 88.

    Minnaert (1966), 86.

  89. 89.

    Schatzman (1968), 229.

  90. 90.

    Gerbaldi (2007), 222.

  91. 91.

    Müller (1970), 562.

  92. 92.

    Kononovich (1979a), 198.

  93. 93.

    Müller and Swihart (1971), 237.

  94. 94.

    Kononovich (1979a), 191.

  95. 95.

    Kononovich (1979b), C.

  96. 96.

    Wentzel (1982), 633.

  97. 97.

    Othman (1984), 5.

  98. 98.

    McNally (1985), 3.

  99. 99.

    McNally and West (1986), 7.

  100. 100.

    McNally and West (1986), 7.

  101. 101.

    McNally and West (1986), 7.

  102. 102.

    Brückner and Percy (1990), 416.

  103. 103.

    Brückner (1991), 3.

  104. 104.

    Hearnshaw (2019), 380–81.

  105. 105.

    West (2001), 248–49.

  106. 106.

    International Astronomical Union (2004).

  107. 107.

    Miley (2022), 319.

  108. 108.

    Miley (2022), 319–21.

  109. 109.

    Miley (2022), 320.

  110. 110.

    International Astronomical Union (2010), 22–23.

  111. 111.

    Hearnshaw (2019), 383.

  112. 112.

    Mike Simmons (2003a).

  113. 113.

    Mike Simmons (2003b).

  114. 114.

    International Astronomical Union (1983), 5.

  115. 115.

    International Astronomical Union (1984), 7.

  116. 116.

    International Astronomical Union (1987), 3.

  117. 117.

    International Astronomical Union (1988), 2.

  118. 118.

    International Astronomical Union (1991), 2.

  119. 119.

    International Astronomical Union (1997), 6.

  120. 120.

    Sherri Simmons (2004a, b).

  121. 121.

    Mike Simmons (2008a, b).

  122. 122.

    Sherri Simmons (2004a, b).

  123. 123.

    Mike Simmons (2008a, b).

  124. 124.

    Mike Simmons (2002a).

  125. 125.

    Mike Simmons (2001).

  126. 126.

    Mike Simmons (2004a, b).

  127. 127.

    Mike Simmons (2001).

  128. 128.

    Mike Simmons (2002b).

  129. 129.

    Tafreshi (2003).

  130. 130.

    Al Jazeera (2005).

  131. 131.

    Mike Simmons (2003c), 81.

  132. 132.

    Mike Simmons (2007b).

  133. 133.

    International Astronomical Union (1994), 3.

  134. 134.

    Mike Simmons (2007a).

  135. 135.

    Mike Simmons (2007a).

  136. 136.

    Grant (2010).

  137. 137.

    Tafreshi and Simmons (2008), 82–84.

  138. 138.

    Mike Simmons (2008b).

  139. 139.

    Simmons and Tafreshi (2008).

  140. 140.

    Walker (2010), 275.

  141. 141.

    Márquez (2011), 90–91.

  142. 142.

    Walker (2010), 277.

  143. 143.

    Goss and McGee (2010), 6, 245.

  144. 144.

    Goss and McGee (2010), 238.

  145. 145.

    Goss and McGee (2010), 243.

  146. 146.

    Goss and McGee (2010), 242.

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  1. Virginia Commonwealth University, Doha, Qatar

    Jörg Matthias Determann

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Determann, J.M. (2023). Visas and Vistas. In: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Astronomy. Space and Society. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46113-2_2

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