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Virtual and Augmented Reality

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Autonomous Vehicles and Virtual Reality

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Abstract

This chapter describes some of the VR and AR systems that have been used in the automobile industry for a couple of decades, not only for vehicle engineering design and testing but also connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) verification and validation. It demonstrates the convergence between VR and AR technology for engineering design and onboard vehicle visualization systems. Initially, VR technology was mostly driven by virtual engineering design needs in the automotive and aircraft industries as well as by the gaming industry. Recently, the strong development of VR helmets and more recently AR glasses, initiated by Facebook’s Oculus industrial development, and also the advent of wide field of view (FOV) head up  display (HUD)s and AR display systems, which provide information to the driver and passengers, have brought significant enhancements in visual quality. The recent development of wearable glasses, on the market since the 2010s, with customer versions of Google Glasses distributed in 2013 and in the following years by Sony and Toshiba, has led to the increasing maturity of AR glasses. More recent AR glasses, providing binocular Micro-LED optical waveguide display, have showcased a technology that may allow users in the near future to experience immersive visual AR technology of quality, similar to what AR helmets already provide. A major advantage of AR glasses, similar to AR helmets, is that users keep the surrounding stable visual references during observation; thus, cybersickness is significantly decreased due to visuo-vestibular incoherencies (see also Chap. 5, Sect. 5.2 Motion and cybersickness). In addition, AR glasses weigh less and are less intrusive, and observers wear them today almost like daily corrective glasses or sunglasses, thus retaining their natural and ecological use.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Sutherland [1].

  2. 2.

    Kemeny [2].

  3. 3.

    Coates et al. [4].

  4. 4.

    Cruz-Neira et al. [5].

  5. 5.

    Leigh et al. [6].

  6. 6.

    Schmieder et al. [7].

  7. 7.

    Dodgson [8].

  8. 8.

    Kemeny et al. [9].

  9. 9.

    http://dsc2018.org/Docs/IndustrialPitches/12.%20Digital%20Projection%20DSC2018%20Industrial%20Pitch.pdf.

  10. 10.

    Amin et al. [10].

  11. 11.

    Berg and Vance [11], Colombet et al. [12].

  12. 12.

    Weech et al. [13].

  13. 13.

    https://www.renaultgroup.com/en/news-on-air/news/renault-has-acquired-the-worlds-most-realistic-simulator/

  14. 14.

    A largely used CAD-CAM (computer aided design and manufacturing) surface is called NURBS (Non uniform rational b-spline), see: Piegl and Wayne [14].

  15. 15.

    https://www.windowscentral.com/everything-we-know-so-far-about-windows-mixed-reality.

  16. 16.

    https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/2/23334656/meta-qualcomm-quest-vr-ar-snapdragon-xr-custom-chips.

  17. 17.

    Mon‐Williams et al. [15].

  18. 18.

    Perroud et al. [17].

  19. 19.

    Kennedy et al. [18].

  20. 20.

    Wiederhold [19].

  21. 21.

    Kemeny [3].

  22. 22.

    Varjo Raises $40 M Series D to Build an Industrial Metaverse—Varjo.com.

  23. 23.

    No. FR2875989, Kemeny et al. [20].

  24. 24.

    Réalité mixte (Futur en Seine 2016 Off, Paris) | Openverse, by dalbera.

  25. 25.

    https://www.roadtovr.com/volkswagen-group-to-train-10000-employees-in-vr-in-2018/.

  26. 26.

    https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/automotive-ar-and-vr-market., see also: Automotive AR/VR market size worldwide 2025 | Statista.

  27. 27.

    Eriksson et al. [21].

  28. 28.

    Automotive Augmented Reality Market Share By 2031—MarketWatch.

  29. 29.

    Porsche invests in Swiss start-up WayRay—Porsche Newsroom.

  30. 30.

    https://youtu.be/tVK3W8HPrGA.

  31. 31.

    Toshiba Glass hands-on review—Tech Advisor.

  32. 32.

    Toshiba takes on HoloLens with new AR smart glasses | TechRadar, TechViz x Lenovo ThinkReality A3 Smart Glasses—TechViz.

  33. 33.

    Nreal Light review: Hardware is only half the battle—The Verge.

  34. 34.

    TCL Unveils Groundbreaking Augmented Reality Glasses at CES 2023.

  35. 35.

    New XR smartglasses may just be the breakthrough AR/VR needs (embedded.com).

  36. 36.

    DigiLens Makes Waves In The AR Market With Its ARGO Headset (forbes.com).

  37. 37.

    Cutting-Edge technology Powers Continental’s Augmented Reality Head-up Display—Continental AG.

  38. 38.

    Reason and Brand [22].

  39. 39.

    Howarth et al. [23].

  40. 40.

    Stanney et al. [24].

  41. 41.

    Slater et al. [25].

  42. 42.

    Barthou et al. [27].

  43. 43.

    Van Gisbergen et al. [27].

  44. 44.

    Perroud et al. [17].

  45. 45.

    Riccio and Stoffregen [28].

  46. 46.

    Smart et al. [29].

  47. 47.

    Treisman [30].

  48. 48.

    Slater and Wilbur [31].

  49. 49.

    Kemeny et al. [32].

  50. 50.

    Weech et al. [13].

  51. 51.

    Wilson et al. [33].

  52. 52.

    Bos [34].

  53. 53.

    Kemeny et al. [32].

  54. 54.

    LaViola [35].

  55. 55.

    Da Silva et al. [36].

  56. 56.

    Paillard et al. [37].

  57. 57.

    Bergström [38].

  58. 58.

    Tian et al. [39].

  59. 59.

    Yang et al. [40].

  60. 60.

    Kemeny et al. [41].

  61. 61.

    Parduzi et al. [42].

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  1. Driving Simulation Association, Boulogne-Billancourt, France

    Andras Kemeny

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Kemeny, A. (2024). Virtual and Augmented Reality. In: Autonomous Vehicles and Virtual Reality. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45263-5_2

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