Toward an Understanding of Obsidian Values Among the Ancient Maya Through a Comparative Approach

Abstract

In this chapter I explore a variety of metrics that might be useful for examining obsidian values over time and space in Mesoamerica, and perhaps elsewhere. From an analytical perspective I introduce a “quick and dirty” form of use-wear study that focuses on intensity of use rather than type of use. I also explore the basic metrics of artifact size vis-à-vis function. The basic premise is that larger pieces of obsidian have the potential to produce a wider array of products, which lead to accomplishing a wider range of tasks, and ultimately imputed to them a greater use value in a Marxian sense, or economic exchange value. Technological analyses can further distinguish between artifacts and tools that require more skill or effort to create, a factor that may have increased value in some contexts. Before putting these analyses to work, I situate them in the context of ancient Maya cultures and histories to demonstrate that multiple religious and political factors may have influenced obsidian values over time and space. Some of these factors have to do with influence from Central Mexico, while others were more concretely related to local foci on obsidian tool production over the longue durée (i.e., deep traditions). Other important factors include distance and transport from various obsidian sources, as well as the colors and qualities of those obsidians. Finally, I compare the metrics from different sites in Honduras and Guatemala (Fig. 6.1) to show that obsidian was not used, nor likely valued in the same ways between different polities. It is argued that to move forward with a more complete picture of obsidian economics, researchers need to expand their theoretical and analytical tool kits.