Abstract
The chapter presents some results of the various empirical surveys on populism that make up the volume. In this way, an overview is offered of the contribution that political psychology can provide by applying the constructs of social psychology to populism for the understanding of a diversified and contradictory phenomenon that animates many contemporary democracies. Particular attention is paid to the three pillars supporting the birth of political psychology and social psychology, which continue to operate in the contemporary psychology of populism, although differently from the past: crowd psychology, the psychology of the public, and the psychology of nation and race. Reflections related to political science, political philosophy, and sociology are addressed, helping to interpret the populist phenomenon. Together with this literature, there are cited the psychosocial aspects that distinguish left-wing and right-wing populism, the characterization of the populist mentality, the motivational constructs that precede populism, the conspiracy theories that accompany it, the possible redefinition of populist ideology, its interaction with the issues of uncertainty linked to the pandemic and war, communication on social media and the depiction of populist right-wing women politicians in their communication in the blogosphere. These aspects are addressed in the empirical surveys that make up the different chapters, which are briefly mentioned, underlining that they use both mainstream and critical methodologies in an ideal dialogue that enriches the study of populism. The conclusion is an appeal to political psychologists to be aware that, as stated by Michael Billig, doing political psychology is ‘doing politics’.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
I use the term women/men instead of females/males, usually used, e.g., female politician, to emphasize the social dimension versus the biological one. Indeed, women/men refer to gender, socially and culturally constructed, while female/male relates to sex, biologically founded, and therefore alluding to essentialist natural and immutable characteristics.
References
Akande, A. (Ed.). (2022). Handbook of racism, xenophobia, and populism: All forms of discrimination in the United States and around the globe. Springer.
Beck, U. (2000). I rischi della libertà [The risks of freedom]. Il Mulino.
Billig, M. (1991). Ideology and opinions: Studies in rhetorical psychology. Sage Publications.
Bobbio, N. (1983). Politica [Politics]. In N. Bobbio, N. Matteucci, & G. Pasquino (Eds.), Dizionario di politica (pp. 826–835). Utet.
Boring, E. G. (1950). A history of experimental psychology (2nd ed.). Appleton Century Crofts. (Original work published in 1929)
Brock, A. (1992). Was Wundt a `Nazi’?: Volkerpsychologie, racism and anti-Semitism. Theory & Psychology, 2(2), 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354392022008
Caiani, M., & Graziano, P. (2022). The three faces of populism in power: Polity, policies and politics. Government and Opposition, 57(4), 569–588. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2022.4
Cedroni, L. (2014). Politolinguistica. L’analisi del discorso politico [Political linguistics. The analysis of the political discourse]. Carocci.
de la Torre, C. (Ed.). (2019). Routledge handbook of global populism. Routledge.
Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act. Aldine.
Denzin, N. K. (2012). Triangulation 2.0. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 80–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689812437186.
Diamanti, I., & Lazar, M. (2018). Popolocrazia. La metamorfosi delle nostre democrazie [Peoplecracy. The metamorphosis of our democracies]. Laterza.
Flick, U., Foster, J., & Caillaud, S. (2015). Researching social representations. In G. Sammut, E. Andreouli, G. Gaskell, & J. Valsiner (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of social representations (pp. 64–80). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107323650.007
Forgas, J. P., Crano, W., & Fiedler, K. (Eds.). (2021). The psychology of populism. Routledge.
Gerbaudo, P. (2017). The mask and the flag: Populism, citizenism, and global protest. Oxford University Press.
Gerbaudo, P. (2018). Social media and populism. An elective affinity? Media, Culture & Society, 40(5), 745–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718772192
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity. Cambridge Polity Press.
Gramsci, A. ([1917] 2015). Odio gli indifferenti [I hate the indifferents]. Chiare Lettere.
Greve, B. (Ed.) (2021). Handbook on austerity, populism and the welfare state. Edward Elgar Publishing.https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789906745
Heinisch, R. C., Holtz-Bacha, C., & Mazzoleni, O. (Eds.). (2017). Political populism: A handbook. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Jost, J. T., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2002). The estrangement of social constructionism and experimental social psychology: History of the rift and prospects for reconciliation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 168–187.
Jost, J. T., Becker, J., Osborne, D., & Badaan, V. (2017). Missing in (collective) action: Ideology, system justification, and the motivational antecedents of two types of protest behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417690633
Jost, J. T., Napier, J. L., Thorisdottir, H., Gosling, S. D., Palfai, T. P., & Ostafin, B. (2007). Are needs to manage uncertainty and threat associated with political conservatism or ideological extremity? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(7), 989–1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207301028
Kay, A., Gaucher, D., Napier, J. L., Callan, M. J., & Laurin, K. (2008). God and the government: Testing a compensatory control mechanism for the support of external systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.18
Kay, A. C., Shepherd, S., Blatz, C. W., Chu, S., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). For God (or) country: The hydraulic relation between government instability and belief in religious sources of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(5), 725–739.
Klandermans, B. (2003). Collective political action. In D. O. Sears, L. Huddy, & R. Jervis (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 670–709). Oxford University Press.
Klandermans, B., & Van Stekelenburg, J. (2013). Social movements and the dynamics of collective action. In L. Huddy, D. O. Sears, & J. S. Levy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 774–811). Oxford University Press.
Kruglanski, A. W., Jasko, K., Chernikova, M., Dugas, M., & Webber, D. (2017). To the fringe and back: Violent extremism and the psychology of deviance. American Psychologist, 72(3), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000091
Kuhn, T. S. (1969). The structure of scientific revolutions. The University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1962)
Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. Verso.
Le Bon, G. (1905). Psychologie des foules. Olean. (Original work published 1895)
Mucchi Faina, A. (2002). Psicologia collettiva. Carocci.
Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2013). Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism: comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America. Government and Opposition, 48(2), 147–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2012.11
Mueller, J. E. (1970). Presidential popularity from Truman to Johnson. American Political Science Review, 64(1), 18–33. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955610
Mueller, J. E. (1973). War, presidents and public opinion. Wiley.
Oswald, M. (Ed.). (2022). The Palgrave handbook of populism. Palgrave.
Palano, D. (2017). Populismo [Populism]. Editrice Bibliografica.
Rose, N. (1999). Governing the soul. Free Association Book. (Original work published 1989)
Rose, N. (2003). Power of freedom. Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1999)
Rovira Kaltwasser, C., Taggart, P. A., Ochoa Espejo, P., & Ostiguy, P. (Eds.). (2017). The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford University Press.
Sensales, G. (Ed.). (2003). Percorsi teorico-critici in psicologia sociale [Theoretical-critical paths in social psychology]. Franco Angeli.
Sensales, G. (2005). Il campo della psicologia politica in una prospettiva psicologico-sociale [The field of political psychology in a psycho-social perspective]. In G. Sensales (Ed.), Rappresentazioni della “Politica”. Ricerche in psicologia sociale della politica (pp. 13–39). Franco Angeli.
Sensales, G. (2020). Italian social psychologies and fascist regimes: History of a collective removal. In O. Braddick (Editor in chief), Oxford research encyclopedia of psychology—History and systems of psychology (pp. 1–47). Oxford University Press.
Sensales, G., & Dal Secco, A. (2014). Political psychology. In T. Teo (Ed.), Encyclopedia of critical psychology (pp. 1419–1425). Springer-Verlag.
Sensales, G., & Di Cicco, G. (2024). The representations of Italian populisms on Facebook (2017–2019). The language of Luigi Di Maio and Matteo Salvini from a psychosocial analytical perspective. Psicologia Sociale—Social Psychology Theory Research, 1, 3–25.
Sensales, G., & Prislei, L. (2023). Sexism. In A. Nai, M. Groemping, & D. Wirz (Eds.), Encyclopedia of political communication (pp. 1–10). Edward Elgar Publishing. Submitted.
Sensales, G., Areni, A., & Baldner, C. (2018). Politics and gender issues: At the crossroads of sexism in language and attitudes. An overview of some Italian studies. In G. Sáez, & I. Valor Segura (Eds.), Sexism: Past, present and future perspectives (pp. 1–68). Nova Science Publishers.
Sighele, S. (1891). La folla delinquente [The delinquent crowd]. Bocca.
Subedi, D. B., Brasted, H., von Strokirch, K., & Scott, A. (Eds.). (2024). The Routledge handbook of populism in the Asia Pacific. Routledge.
Tarde, G. (1901). L’opinion et la foule [The opinion and the crowd]. Alcan.
Tarchi, M. (2015). Italy: The promised land of populism? Contemporary Italian Politics, 7(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/23248823.2015.1094224
Thomas, E. F., Louis, W. R., & McGarty, C. (2022). Collective action for social change: Individual, group, and contextual factors shaping collective action and its outcomes. In D. Osborne & C. G. Sibley (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of political psychology (pp. 492–507). Cambridge University Press.
Urbinati, N. (2019). Me the people: How populism transforms democracy. Harvard University Press.
Vasilopoulos, P., & Jost, J. T. (2020). Psychological similarities and dissimilarities between left-wing and right-wing populists: Evidence from a nationally representative survey in France. Journal of Research in Personality, 88, 104004.
Webber, D., Babush, M., Schori-Eyal, N., Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis, A., Hettiarachchi, M., Bélanger, J. J., Moyano, M., Trujillo, H. M., Gunaratna, R., Kruglanski, A. W., & Gelfand, M. J. (2018). The road to extremism: Field and experimental evidence that significance loss-induced need for closure fosters radicalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(2), 270–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000111
Weltman, D., & Billig, M. (2001). The political psychology of contemporary anti- politics: A discursive approach to the end-of-ideology era. Political Psychology, 22(2), 367–382.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sensales, G. (2024). Introduction. In: Sensales, G. (eds) Political Psychology Perspectives on Populism. Palgrave Studies in Political Psychology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44073-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44073-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-44072-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-44073-1
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)