Abstract
As a consequence of hydropower utilization and environmental change, the number of salmonids in the Columbia River Basin shared by the US and Canada declined sharply through the twentieth century. This meant a great economic and cultural loss for the Indigenous communities of the basin, especially as they could not participate in the decisions concerning their lands, societies, and future. The current renegotiation of the 1961 Columbia River Treaty, regulating flood control and hydropower production between the two states, offers a historic opportunity to address these problems. In order to modernize the Columbia River Treaty, however, a new understanding of transboundary water diplomacy is necessary. The authors argue that the renegotiation process needs to go beyond multi-stakeholder approaches and embrace the sovereignty of the Indigenous partners. The salmon issue, should it ultimately be addressed, could prove transformative for the relationship between Indigenous people and their tribal governments and other sovereigns, and it would mark a significant stride towards reconciliation and decolonizing policy in the US and Canada.
The author Mary Durfee lives in the Columbia River Basin, about a mile from the Willamette River, and clearly benefits from the current arrangement for power and flood control. She is also in the territory of the Kalapuya, and she extends her respect and gratitude to the many Indigenous people who call these lands home.
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Notes
- 1.
The most well-known salmonids in the Columbia River Basin are the chinook, the coho, the sockeye, and the steelhead. Salmon are anadromous, which means that they are born in freshwater, spend most of their lives in saltwater, and migrate back to freshwaters to spawn.
- 2.
The Sovereign Review Team comprised the four Northwest states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, eleven federal agencies, and fifteen Pacific Northwest tribal governments (United States Entity 2012).
- 3.
Today the term “civilized nations” is to be avoided, and there is no distinction between “civilized” and “uncivilized” nations in the practice of international law. Decolonizing international law is, however, far from being complete (UNGA International Law Commission 2019: 52–53).
- 4.
They are the Burns Paiute Tribe, Coeur d'Alene Tribe, Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation, Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon, Cowlitz Indian Tribe, Fort McDermitt Paiute Shoshone Tribes, Kalispel Tribe of Indians, Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Nez Perce Tribe, Shoshone Paiute Tribe of the Duck Valley Indian Reservation, Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation, and the Spokane Tribe of Indians.
- 5.
Although the Entities govern the CRT, termination and renegotiation are the competences of the two governments. In Canada, the Province of British Columbia maintains most rights, benefits, and obligations related to the CRT based on the Canada-British Columbia Agreement (1963). However, based on the constitution, the negotiation of international treaties belongs to the government of Canada, while British Columbia’s consent is required for any modifications.
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Szálkai, K., Durfee, M. (2023). Is Salmon Surprise on the Table? Indigenous Rights and Multi-Stakeholder Diplomacy in the Renegotiation of the Columbia River Treaty. In: Szálkai, K., Szalai, M. (eds) Theorizing Transboundary Waters in International Relations. Springer Water. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43376-4_9
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