Abstract
To date, there are no specific antiviral treatment strategies for COVID-19 patients. Empiric approaches used for other viral infections wasn’t effective against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, some urgent therapeutic alternatives are still required. Ozone therapy could be favorable due to its effects. Therefore, authors conducted a comprehensive review to reassess the reported adjuvant clinical potency and the last medical approaches towards patients with SARS-CoV-2 virus or COVID-19. Relevant articles were searched in PubMed, Hinari and SpringerLink, National Center of Biotechnology Information, and Medline using keywords “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “ozone therapy”, “mechanisms of ozone”, and “biological effects of ozone”, as well as their combinations. A total of 475 publications found were compared to exclude duplicates. The collection was reviewed and articles were filtered by title and abstract content. The remaining articles were assessed in full to exclude case-control studies or articles without relevant conclusions. Finally, 49 relevant sources were selected as representative. Ozone therapy has shown various beneficial properties: antiviral, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective effects, that can be useful in managing tissue damage occurring in many inflammatory illnesses, including viral infections like SARS-CoV-2. It can enhance the respiratory parameters, blood gas indicators, overall health condition, leading to a faster patient recovery.
Despite encouraging preliminary data from ongoing clinical trials, as well as expert opinion, there is still not enough evidence to confirm that it is a viable treatment for patients with COVID-19.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Malik, P., et al.: Biomarkers and outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalisations: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Evidence-based Med. 26, 107–108 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJEBM-2020-111536
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
Fernández-Cuadros, M.E., María, Albaladejo-Florín, J., Peña-Lora, D., Álava-Rabasa, S., Susana Pérez-Moro, O.: Ozone (O3) and SARS-CoV-2: Physiological Bases and Their Therapeutic Possibilities According to COVID-19 Evolutionary Stage. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00328-7/Published
Şahin, M., Eryilmaz, F., Keser Şahin, H: Ozone therapy may be an option for COVID-19 patients. 2470–2472 (2021). https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202103_25407
Hernández, A., Viñals, M., Isidoro, T., Vilás, F.: Potential Role of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy in Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia. Am. J. Case Rep. 21, 1–6 (2020). https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.925849
Yilmaz, N., Eren, E., Oz, C.: COVID-19 and Ozone. Cyprus J. Med. Sci. 5, 365–372 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5152/cjms.2020.2658
Ricevuti, G., Franzini, M., Valdenassi, L.: Oxygen-ozone immunoceutical therapy in COVID-19 outbreak: facts and figures. Ozone Ther. 5, (2020). https://doi.org/10.4081/OZONE.2020.9014
Heimfarth, L., Serafini, M.R., Martins-Filho, P.R., Quintans, J. de S.S., Quintans-Júnior, L.J.: Drug repurposing and cytokine management in response to COVID-19: A review. Int. Immunopharmacol. 88, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTIMP.2020.106947
Da, D., Campos, S., Morais, J.P., Tim, C.R., Gomes, J.C., Assis, L.: Implications for the use of ozone (O3) in the adjuvant treatment of COVID-19. Res. Soc. Dev. 9, e579997508–e579997508 (2020). https://doi.org/10.33448/RSD-V9I9.7508
Cattel, F., et al.: Ozone therapy in COVID-19: A narrative review. Virus Res. 291, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VIRUSRES.2020.198207
De Farias, J.B.F., De Farias, A.P.F., De Souza, A.G.: Ozone as a complement therapy in the treatment of COVID-19. Rev. Bras. Fisiol. do Exerc. cio. 19, 5–8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.33233/RBFE.V19I2.4116
Ogut, E., Armagan, K.: Evaluation of the potential impact of medical ozone therapy on covid-19: a review study. Ozone Sci. Eng. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2022.2065242
Promoter of the study: NUOVA F.I.O. (Italian Oxygen-Ozone Federation), Marini, S., et al.: Oxygen-ozone therapy as adjuvant in the current emergency in SARS-COV-2 infection: a clinical study. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents. 34, (2020). https://doi.org/10.23812/20-250-E-56
Martínez-Sánchez, G.: Ozone Therapy for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19. J. Explor. Res. Pharmacol. 000, 000–000 (2022). https://doi.org/10.14218/JERP.2022.00015
Radvar, S., et al.: Using ozone therapy as an option for treatment of COVID-19 patients: a scoping review. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1327, 151–160 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71697-4_12
Alberto Hernández, A., Vilás, F., Papadakos, P.J., Bergese, S.D., Vives, M.: Title: Ozone therapy for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: preliminary report of a prospective case-control study. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.20117994
Martínez-Sánchez, G., Schwartz, A., Di Donna, V.: Potential cytoprotective activity of ozone therapy in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Antioxidants. 9, (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050389
Fernandez-Cuadros, M.E., Perez-Moro, O.S., Albaladejo-Florin, M.J., Entrambasaguas-Estepa, B., Alava-Rabasa, S.: Mid-Term Effectiveness of Ozone (O2-O3) Compared to Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Parallel Controlled Trial. Middle East J. Rehabil. Heal. In: Press, 1–8 (2019). https://doi.org/10.5812/mejrh.74140
Barbosa, R.B., et al.: Ozone therapy as a treatment option against COVID-19: a literature review. Res. Soc. Dev. 10, e469101321228–e469101321228 (2021). https://doi.org/10.33448/RSD-V10I13.21228
Fernández-Cuadros, M.E., et al.: Compassionate use of rectal ozone (O3) in severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: a case-control study. SN Compr. Clin. Med. 3, 1185–1199 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/S42399-021-00849-9
Wang, Y., et al.: Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet (London, England). 395, 1569–1578 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9
Izadi, M., et al.: Ozone therapy for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia: a scoping review. Int. Immunopharmacol. 92, 1567–5769 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107307
Rowen, R.J., Robins, H.: A Plausible “Penny” Costing Effective Treatment for Corona Virus - Ozone Therapy. J Infect Dis Epidemiol. 2020, 113 (2020). https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510113
Sharma, A., et al.: A pilot study for treatment of COVID-19 patients in moderate stage using intravenous administration of ozonized saline as an adjuvant treatment-registered clinical trial. Int. Immunopharmacol. 96, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTIMP.2021.107743
Cenci, A., Macchia, I., La Sorsa, V., Sbarigia, C., Di Donna, V., Pietraforte, D.: Mechanisms of Action of Ozone Therapy in Emerging Viral Diseases: Immunomodulatory Effects and Therapeutic Advantages With Reference to SARS-CoV-2. Front. Microbiol. 13, (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/FMICB.2022.871645/PDF
Cuadros, M.E.F., Florín, M.J.A., Rabasa, S.Á., Lora, D.P., Moro, O.S.P.: Ozone and COVID-19: physiological bases and their therapeutic possibilities according to the evolutionary stage in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rev. la Soc. Esp. del Dolor. 28, 27–36 (2021). https://doi.org/10.20986/RESED.2021.3810/2020
Yaneva, G., Dimitrova, T., Ivanov, D., Ivanova, D., Ingilizova, G., Slavov, S.: MODERN APPLICATIONS OF OZONE FOR COVID-19 DISINFECTION AND TREATMENT. J. IMAB - Annu. Proceeding (Scientific Pap. 28, 4284–4288 (2022). https://doi.org/10.5272/JIMAB.2022281.4284
Manjunath, S.N., Sakar, M., Katapadi, M., Geetha Balakrishna, R.: Recent case studies on the use of ozone to combat coronavirus: Problems and perspectives. Environ. Technol. Innov. 21, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ETI.2020.101313
Falcón, B.A., Fernández, J.L.C., Cepero, S.M., Yoshimoto, C.V.: Ozone therapy and its application in relation to the pathophysiology of COVID 19 disease. Panor. Cuba y Salud. 15, 104–107 (2020)
Yousefi, B., Banihashemian, S.Z., Feyzabadi, Z.K., Hasanpour, S., Kokhaei, P.: Potential therapeutic effect of oxygen-ozone in controlling of COVID-19 disease, pp. 33–40 (2022). https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-9912.325989
León Fernández, O.S., et al.: Medical ozone: the pharmacological mechanisms accounting for its effectiveness against COVID-19/SARS-COV-2. J. Med.-Clin. Res. Rev. ISSN 5(1–10), 2639–2944 (2021)
Chirumbolo, S., et al.: Insights on the mechanisms of action of ozone in the medical therapy against COVID-19. Int. Immunopharmacol. 96, 107777 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTIMP.2021.107777
Schwartz, Martínez-Sánchez: Potential use of ozone in SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19. Int. Sci. Comm. Ozone Ther. (2020)
Chirumbolo, S., et al.: Insights on the mechanisms of action of ozone in the medical therapy against COVID-19. Int. Immunopharmacol. 96, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTIMP.2021.107777
Zheng, Z., Dong, M., Hu, K.: A preliminary evaluation on the efficacy of ozone therapy in the treatment of COVID-19. J. Med. Virol. 92, 2348–2350 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/JMV.26040
Tricarico, G., Travagli, V.: The relationship between ozone and human blood in the course of a well-controlled, mild, and transitory oxidative eustress. Antioxidants. 10, 1946 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121946
Morrison, C., et al.: Critical review and research needs of ozone applications related to virus inactivation: potential implications for SARS-CoV-2. Ozone Sci. Eng. 43, 2–20 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2020.1839739
Fernández-cuadros, M., Albaladejo-florín, M.J., Pérez-moro, O., Rodríguez-de-cía, J.: Multicentric Study on the Effect of Rectal Ozone on COVID-19 : the Spanish and Slovakian Experience. (2022). https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202203.0272.v1
Fernández-Cuadros, M.E., et al.: Effect of rectal ozone (O3) in Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: preliminary results. SN Compr. Clin. Med. 2, 1328–1336 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00374-1
Tascini, C., et al.: Monte, Amato: Blood ozonization in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 pneumonia: a single centre experience. Intern. Emerg. Med. 16, 669–675 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-020-02542-6
Franzini, M., et al.: Oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) immunoceutical therapy for patients with COVID-19. Preliminary evidence reported. Int. Immunopharmacol. 88, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTIMP.2020.106879
Çolak, Ş., et al.: Effectiveness of ozone therapy in addition to conventional treatment on mortality in patients with COVID‐19. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 75, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14321
Peña-Lora, D.Y., Albaladejo-Florín, M.J., Fernández-Cuadros, M.E.: Usefulness of rectal ozonetherapy in a geriatric patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Rev. Esp. Geriatr. Gerontol. 55, 362–364 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.REGG.2020.07.005
Shah, M., et al.: Safety and efficacy of ozone therapy in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients: A phase 1/11 randomized control trial (SEOT study). Int. Immunopharmacol. 91, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTIMP.2020.107301
Sozio, E., et al.: CORonavirus-19 mild to moderate pneumonia management with blood ozonization in patients with respiratory failure (CORMOR) multicentric prospective randomized clinical trial. Int. Immunopharmacol. 98, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTIMP.2021.107874
Schwartz, A., Martínez-Sánchez, G., de Lucía, A.M., Viana, S.M., Constanta, A.M.: Complementary application of the ozonized saline solution in mild and severe patients with pneumonia COVID-19: A non-randomized pilot study. J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res. 9, 126–146 (2021). https://doi.org/10.56499/JPPRES20.971_9.2.126
Setyo Budi, D., et al.: Ozone as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 110, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTIMP.2022.109014
Robert Jay, R., Howard, R.: A plausible penny costing effective treatment for corona virus - ozone therapy. J. Infect. Dis. Epidemiol. 6, (2020). https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510113
Chirumbolo, S., et l.: The Mito-Hormetic mechanisms of ozone in the clearance of SARS-CoV2 and in the COVID-19 Therapy. Biomed. 10, (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/BIOMEDICINES10092258
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Cernei, N., Trofimov, C., Grabovschi, I., Baltaga, R., Arnaut, O. (2024). Updates on the Use of Ozone Therapy in Patients with COVID-19. A Review. In: Sontea, V., Tiginyanu, I., Railean, S. (eds) 6th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering. ICNBME 2023. IFMBE Proceedings, vol 92. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42782-4_40
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42782-4_40
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-42781-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-42782-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)