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Imaginary Hypnotism

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The Uncanny Rise of Medical Hypnotism, 1888–1914

Part of the book series: Mental Health in Historical Perspective ((MHHP))

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Abstract

Hypnotic themes reached their peak in the fictions of the 1890s. The power of story-telling to reflect and shape public opinion is seldom considered in traditional medical histories but is a more common tool in cultural histories. However, the fictions that individuals read and watched were part of a much wider shared social milieu which had the power not only to change people’s attitude to trance but their beliefs of what trance could actually achieve. In other words, the fictions could be constitutive (creative and constructive), not just reflective (secondary, or degraded versions of the scientific ‘truth’). Principally using two short stories, I will discuss three themes that are encountered in the hypnotic fictions of the time: automatic obedience and the English will; gender and sexology; and medical professionalism. The first is The Parasite by Arthur Conan Doyle. This is a gothic novella in which the differences between mesmerism and hypnotism are deliberately blurred. An academic medical physiologist is ruined by meddling with a colonial woman with mesmeric powers. The second is ‘The Scarlet Bracelet’ by L.T. Meade. This a medical mystery in which a good doctor’s suggestion overcomes a scoundrel’s mesmerism to rescue the heroine from her enchanted romantic infatuation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Albert Davis, Hypnotism and Treatment by Suggestion, 2nd ed. (Liverpool: Liverpool Book Sellers, 1918) (p. 1).

  2. 2.

    Jenny Bourne Taylor, The Secret Theatre of Home: Wilkie Collins, Sensation Narrative and Nineteenth-Century Psychology (New York: Routledge, 1988) (p. 19).

  3. 3.

    Gillian Beer, ‘Translation or Transformation? The Relations of Science and Literature’, Ch. 8 in Open Fields, Science in Cultural Encounter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) 173–95 (p. 173).

  4. 4.

    Gillian Beer, Darwin’s Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Elliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983) (p. 14).

  5. 5.

    Beer, Open Fields (p. 179).

  6. 6.

    T.H., ‘Hypnotism in Criminal Investigation’, Sketch, 4 (1894) (p. 244).

  7. 7.

    Charles Lloyd Tuckey, ‘The Applications of Hypnotism’, Contemporary Review, 60 (1891) 672–86 (p. 682).

  8. 8.

    Marie Corelli, A Romance of Two Worlds: Edinburgh Critical Editions of Nineteenth Century Texts, ed. by Andrew Radford (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019).

  9. 9.

    James Stephen, A General View of the Criminal Law of England (London: Macmillan, 1863) (p. 73).

  10. 10.

    John Reed, Victorian Will (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1989) (p. ix).

  11. 11.

    Reed, Victorian Will (pp. 83–4).

  12. 12.

    H. Rider Haggard, King Solomon’s Mines (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016); H. Rider Haggard, Allan Quatermain, (London: Longman, Green’s, 1887) (p. 276). See also the original introductory dedication to Rider Haggard’s son.

  13. 13.

    Walter Bagehot, ‘Physics and Politics’, Ch 14 in The Works and Life of Walter Bagehot, ed. by Mrs Russell Barrington (London: Longman’s Green, 1915) (p. 52).

  14. 14.

    Hans Corneel de Roos, Bram Stoker’s Hidden World: A Sociogram of London’s Esoteric Circles (E-book, Munich: Moonlake Editions, 2021).

  15. 15.

    Bram Stoker, Famous Impostors (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1910).

  16. 16.

    Hans Corneel de Roos, Professor Abraham van Helsing: A Psychiatrist from Amsterdam? Hypnotism, Telepathy, Spiritualism and Magic in the Victorian Age (Munich: Moonlake editions, 2012).

  17. 17.

    Stephen Arata, ‘The Occidental Tourist: “Dracula” and the Anxiety of Reverse Colonization’, Victorian Studies, 33 (1990) 621–45 (p. 623).

  18. 18.

    H.G. Wells, War of the Worlds (London: Heinemann, 1898); M.P. Shiel, The Yellow Danger (London: Grant Richards, 1898).

  19. 19.

    John Barlow, On Man’s Power Over Himself to Prevent or Control Insanity (London: William Pickering, 1843) (p. 44).

  20. 20.

    Henry Maudsley, Responsibility and Mental Disease (London: King, 1874) (p. 67).

  21. 21.

    Henry Maudsley, ‘Hypnotism’, in Pathology of Mind (London: Macmillan, 1867) 50–83 (p. 60).

  22. 22.

    Max Nordau, Degeneration (London: William Heinemann, 1895).

  23. 23.

    Charles Lloyd Tuckey, ‘Faith Healing as a Medical Treatment’, Nineteenth Century, 21 (1888) 839–50 (p. 842).

  24. 24.

    Charles Lloyd Tuckey, Psycho-Therapeutics: Treatment by Hypnotism and Suggestion, 3rd ed. (London: Baillière, Tindall and Cox, 1891) (p. 103).

  25. 25.

    T.H., ‘Hypnotism’ (p. 244).

  26. 26.

    W.L. Alden, ‘The Book Hunter’, Idler, 7 (May 1895) (p. 567).

  27. 27.

    Arthur Conan Doyle, ‘The Parasite’, The Parasite and The Watter’s Mou, ed. by Catherine Wynne (Kansas City: Valancourt Books, 2009) (pp. 3–47); Alden, ‘Book Hunter’ (p. 567).

  28. 28.

    Elizabeth Inchbald, Animal Magnetism, A Farce of Three Acts (Dublin: P. Byron, 1788).

  29. 29.

    Arthur Conan Doyle, ‘John Barrington Cowles’, Cassell’s Saturday Journal, 1 (12 and 19 April 1884); Arthur Conan Doyle, ‘John Barrington Cowles’, in Arthur Conan Doyle Gothic Tales (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016) (pp. 91–112). Arthur Conan Doyle, The Parasite (London: Constable, 1894).

  30. 30.

    Arthur Conan Doyle, ‘Pulling Up the Anchor’, Ch. 9 in Memories and Adventures (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989) 82–93 (p. 82).

  31. 31.

    Gordon Bates, ‘The Fascinating Fictions of Arthur Conan Doyle’, in Re-examining Arthur Conan Doyle, ed. by Nils Clausson (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2021) 59–74 (p. 61).

  32. 32.

    Trevor Hamilton, Immortal Longings: F.W.H. Myers and the Victorian Search for Life After Death (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2009) (p. 74).

  33. 33.

    Gordon Bates, ‘Arthur Conan Doyle in Mesmeric Edinburgh and Hypnotic London’, Victoriographies, 11 (2021) (pp. 314–330).

  34. 34.

    Anne Cranny-Francis, ‘Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Parasite: The Case of the Anguished Author’, in Nineteenth-Century Suspense from Poe to Conan Doyle, ed. by Clive Bloom and others (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988) 93–106 (p. 105).

  35. 35.

    Doyle, ‘The Parasite’ (2009).

  36. 36.

    Doyle, ‘Cowles’ (p. 91).

  37. 37.

    Doyle, ‘The Parasite’ (2009) (p. 5).

  38. 38.

    Doyle, ‘The Parasite’ (2009) (p. 31).

  39. 39.

    Doyle, ‘The Parasite’ (2009) (p. 21).

  40. 40.

    Doyle, ‘The Parasite’ (2009) (p. 7).

  41. 41.

    Doyle, ‘The Parasite’ (2009) (p. 36).

  42. 42.

    Doyle, ‘The Parasite’ (2009) (p. 27).

  43. 43.

    John Milne Bramwell, ‘Susceptibility to Hypnosis and the Causes That Influence It’, Ch 4 in Hypnotism, 3rd ed. (London: Rider, 1921) (pp. 57–73).

  44. 44.

    George Kingsbury, ‘Who Are Susceptible?’, Ch. 4 in Hypnotic Suggestion: The Practice of Hypnotic Suggestion, Being and Elementary Handbook for the Use of the Medical Profession (Bristol: John Wright, 1891) (pp. 59–66); Charles Lloyd Tuckey, ‘Some Phases of Hypnotism’, Occult Review, 1 (1905) (pp. 51–57).

  45. 45.

    Bram Stoker, Dracula (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) (pp. 38–9).

  46. 46.

    Carol Senf, ‘Dracula and Women’, The Cambridge Companion to Dracula, ed. Roger Luckhurst (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018) (pp. 114–22).

  47. 47.

    The name was coined by Sarah Grand, ‘The New Aspect of the Woman Question’, North American Review, 158, 448 (1894) (pp. 270–6).

  48. 48.

    Christopher Craft, ‘“Kiss Me with Those Red Lips”: Gender and Inversion in Dracula’, Representations, 8 (1984) (pp. 107–33).

  49. 49.

    Heike Bauer, ed. Sexology and Translation: Cultural and Scientific Encounters Across the Modern World (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2015).

  50. 50.

    Richard Krafft-Ebbing, Psychopathia Sexualis (London: Staples, 1965).

  51. 51.

    ‘Sexology’ was not coined until 1906. It derives from the German term Sexualwissensschaft first used by Iwan Bloch.

  52. 52.

    Peter Roper, ‘The Effects of Hypnotherapy on Homosexuality’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 96 (1967) (pp. 319–27).

  53. 53.

    John Addington Symonds, The Memoirs of John Addington Symonds: A Critical Edition, ed. by Amber Regis (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).

  54. 54.

    Havelock Ellis and John Addington Symonds, Sexual Inversion: A Critical Edition, ed. by Ivan Crozier (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).

  55. 55.

    Havelock Ellis, ‘Letter to John Addington Symonds, 19 February 1893’, qtd in Sean Brady, John Addington Symonds (1840–1893) and Homosexuality: A Critical Edition of Sources (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) (p. 254).

  56. 56.

    Charles Lloyd Tuckey to van Eeden correspondence. 28 December 1888. Van Eeden Collection (Amsterdam: Allard Pierson, University of Amsterdam); Charles Lloyd Tuckey, ‘Case 22 – Moral Breakdown’, Psycho-Therapeutics, 4th ed. (London: Baillière, Tindall and Cox, 1900) (p. 308).

  57. 57.

    Tuckey, ‘Sexual Perversion’, Psycho-Therapeutics, 4th ed. (1900) (pp. 308–10).

  58. 58.

    Bramwell, Hypnotism, 3rd ed. (1921) (pp. 209–10).

  59. 59.

    Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis, trans. by Gilbert Chaddock (Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1895).

  60. 60.

    Charles Lloyd Tuckey, ‘Perversion Sexuelle Guérie par l'Hypnotisme’, Revue de l'Hypnotisme et de la Psychologie Physiologique, 20 (1906) (pp. 91–3).

  61. 61.

    Tuckey, ‘Perversion sexuelle’ (p. 92).

  62. 62.

    Herman Nunberg and Ernest Federn, eds., ‘23 January 1907’, in Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Vol. I: 1906–1908 (New York: International Universities Press, 1962) (p. 88).

  63. 63.

    Arthur Machen, The Great God Pan (London: John Lane, 1894); H.G. Wells, The Island of Doctor Moreau (London: Heineman, 1896).

  64. 64.

    Margaret Brandon, Hypnotized; or a Doctor’s Confession (London: Hutchinson, 1891).

  65. 65.

    J. Maclaren Cobben, Master of His Fate (Edinburgh and London: Blackwood, 1890).

  66. 66.

    L.T. Meade and Clifford Halifax, ‘The Red Bracelet’, Strand Magazine, 9 (May 1895), 545–61 (p. 545).

  67. 67.

    L.T. Meade and Clifford Halifax, Stories from the Diaries of a Doctor: Snippets of Early Medicine and Life in England (Washington: Westphalia Press, 2015) (p. 1).

  68. 68.

    L.T. Meade and Clifford Halifax, ‘My Hypnotic Patient’, Strand Magazine, 6 (August 1893) (pp. 163–77).

  69. 69.

    Meade, ‘My Hypnotic Patient’ (p. 556).

  70. 70.

    Meade, ‘My Hypnotic Patient’ (p. 559).

  71. 71.

    Meade, ‘Red Bracelet’ (p. 546).

  72. 72.

    Douglas Small, ‘Masters of Healing: Cocaine and the Ideal of the Victorian Medical Man’, Journal of Victorian Culture, 21 (January 2016) (pp. 3-20).

  73. 73.

    Meade, ‘My Hypnotic Patient’ (p. 549).

  74. 74.

    Elaine Showalter, ‘Nervous Women—Sex Roles and Sick Roles’, Ch. 5 in The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830–1980 (London: Virago, 1987) (pp. 121–44).

  75. 75.

    Mary Elizabeth Braddon, ‘Herself’, Sheffield Weekly Telegraph (17 November 1894); Mary Elizabeth Braddon, ‘The Good Lady Ducayne’, Strand Magazine, 11 (February 1896) (pp. 185–99).

  76. 76.

    Meade, ‘My Hypnotic Patient’ (p. 551).

  77. 77.

    Meade, ‘My Hypnotic Patient’ (p. 552).

  78. 78.

    Hippolyte Bernheim, Suggestive Therapeutics (London: G.P. Putnam, 1888) (p. 179).

  79. 79.

    Braid was very much aware of the role of suggestion in hypnotic phenomena though he did not make use of this term in his early writings. One of the first to make the link explicit was the physiologist, William Carpenter. (William Carpenter, ‘On the Influence of Suggestion Modifying and Directing Muscular Movement, Independently of Volition’, Proceedings, Royal Institution of Great Britain (1852) (pp. 147–53).

  80. 80.

    Tuckey, ‘Faith-Healing’ (p. 849).

  81. 81.

    Tuckey, ‘Faith-Healing’ (p. 850).

  82. 82.

    Guy Boothby, A Bid for Fortune (New York: Appleton, 1895); Sax Rohmer, The Mystery of Dr. Fu Manchu (London: Methuen, 1913).

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    Gordon David Lyle Bates

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Bates, G.D.L. (2023). Imaginary Hypnotism. In: The Uncanny Rise of Medical Hypnotism, 1888–1914. Mental Health in Historical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42725-1_9

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