Abstract
Decarbonization is considered one of the immediate actions to reach climate neutrality by 2050. Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) or building-applied photovoltaics (BAPV) are the direct means to achieve such goal in the building industry sector. This chapter aims at reviewing trends and policies to mitigate climate change globally and in Egypt as well as demonstrating examples of BIPV or BAPV in buildings and cities. To achieve such objective, the chapter highlights various global examples of BIVP in different countries. It also depicts the solar intensity map of Egypt in terms of average yearly radiation intensity and sunshine hours. In addition, the chapter presents the Egyptian government and local authorities’ actions in promoting cleaner energy and integrating PVs, not only in buildings, but also in solar power plants; emphasizing the largest solar power plant in the world (Binban in Aswan, Egypt with clean power capacity of 1.8 GW). In addition, the chapter depicts the PV capacity targets to reach 42% of the country’s energy mix in Egypt by 2035. It sheds light on successful examples of integrated PV in buildings and cities to reduce the dependency on the grid conventional energy and provide a reliable alternative source of cleaner energy. Moreover, the chapter exhibits selected buildings and projects that describe the type and size of installed PV along with the power generated, besides how these PV capacities contribute to the total buildings’ energy consumption, i.e., consuming or consuming and generating. Furthermore, the narrative covers the latest technologies supporting the integration of PVs in various projects with different nature globally. Finally, local case studies are discussed and analysed to provide learned lessons and significance of BIPV or PAPV in cities. Ultimately, the application of clean energy and integrating PV in buildings and cities in Egypt would contribute to global initiatives to mitigate climate change and attain COP26 outcomes – mitigate 45% of CO2 emissions by 2030 and reach Net-Zero by 2050, hence, achieve climate neutrality.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
United Nations (2022). [Online]. Available: https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1126931 [Accessed February 20, 2023].
Clarke, B., Otto, F., Stuart-Smith, R., & Harrington, L. (2022). Extreme weather impacts of climate change: an attribution perspective. Environmental Research: Climate, 1(1), p. 012001.
Cai, Y., Ni, Q., & Zhao, M. (2022). Informal Institutions Moderate the Relationship Between Environmental Emotion and Grassland Governance Behavior. Environmental Management, 1–16.
M. Ajiya (2023). Understanding Climate Finance: The Myth, " Processes and Accessibility.
Holechek, J. L., Geli, H. M., Sawalhah, M. N., & Valdez, R (2022). A global assessment: can renewable energy replace fossil fuels by 2050?, Sustainability, 14(8), 4792.
Rowan, A. N., & Rowan, K. (2022). COP27-Can We Move Forward.," WellBeing News, 4(9), 1.
Twidell, (2021). Renewable energy resources, Routledge.
Abdelrahim, F. (2019). The rise of renewable energy in the MENA region: an investigation into the policies governing energy resources. Social Impact Research Experience (SIRE).
Khamees, A. S., Rahoma, U. A., Hassan, A. H., Sayad, T., & Morsy, M. (2022). Investigation of Solar Energy Potential and PV-Outputs in Rural and Desert Areas: Case Study Egypt. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 12.
Hudson, J. (2007). Conservation values, climate change and modern architecture: the case of the CIS tower. Journal of architectural conservation, 13(2), pp. 47–67.
Bontekoe, E., van Sark, W., & van Leeuwen, J. (2022). Building-Integrated Photovoltaics. In Designing with Photovoltaics, pp. 127–163. CRC Press.
Govorushko, S. (2016). Human impact on the environment: an illustrated world atlas, Springer.
Gercek, C., Devetaković, M., Krstić-Furundžić, A., & Reinders, A. (2020) Energy balance, cost and architectural design features of 24 building integrated photovoltaic projects using a modelling approach, Applied Sciences, 10(24), 8860.
Kumar, V., & Madaan, M. (2022). An Analysis on Techno-Economic and Environmental Sustainability of Grid Interactive system in Boston," In 2nd International Conference on Technological Advancements in Computational Sciences (ICTACS) IEEE.
Global China’s BIPV (building-integrated photovoltaics) market report 2021. (2022). In 2022–2030, market demand will continue to rise with Investment Opportunities in the BIPV industry chain.
ReportLinker (2022). Global Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) market to reach $20.1 billion by 2026, GlobalNewswire News Room.
Kuhn, T. E., Erban, C., Heinrich, M., Eisenlohr, J., Ensslen, F., & Neuhaus, D. H. (2021). Review of technological design options for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).," Energy and Buildings, 231, 110381.
Maghrabie, H. M., Abdelkareem, M. A., Al-Alami, A. H., Ramadan, M., Mushtaha, E., Wilberforce, T., & Olabi, A. G. (2021). State-of-the-art technologies for building- integrated photovoltaic systems. Buildings, 11(9), 383.
Riddlestone OBE, S. (2014). Towards a Greener Lifestyle. EG Magazine, 19(6), 9. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/towards-greener-lifestyle/docview/1786257971/se-2
POLIS – European Union. (n.d.) Polis. Intelligent energy – Europe. [Online]. Available: http://www.polis-solar.eu/IMG/pdf/category_3_-_bedzed_project.pdf [Accessed February 20, 2023].
Reddy, P., Gupta, M. S., Nundy, S., Karthick, A., & Ghosh, A (2022). Status of BIPV and BAPV system for less energy-hungry building in India—A review.," Applied Sciences, 10(7), 2337.
M. C. Energy (2023). Masdar City Solar Photovoltaic Plant. Masdar Clean Energy – Deploying Renewable Clean Energy worldwide. [Online]. Available: https://masdar.ae/Masdar-Clean-Energy/Projects/Masdar-City-Solar-Photovoltaic-Plant [Accessed February 20, 2023].
Griffiths, S., & Sovacool, B. K. (2020). Rethinking the future low-carbon city: Carbon neutrality, green design, and sustainability tensions in the making of Masdar City.,” Energy Research & Social Science, 62, 101368.
Gielen, D., Boshell, F., Saygin, D., Bazilian, M. D., Wagner, N., & Gorini, R. (2019). The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation. Energy strategy reviews, 24, 38–50.
Hoang, A. T., Nižetić, S., Olcer, A. I., Ong, H. C., Chen, W. H., Chong, C. T., & Nguyen, X. P. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the global energy system and the shift progress to renewable energy: Opportunities, challenges, and policy implications. Energy Policy, 154, 112322.
Mokrani, T. (2022). "The Role of Natural Gas in the South African Energy Mix.," Chemical Engineering Transactions, 96, pp. 211–216.
Brinkerink, M., Gallachóir, B. Ó., & Deane, P. (2021). Building and calibrating a country-level detailed global electricity model based on public data. Energy Strategy Reviews, 33, 100592.
Maunder, E. (1913). Sun, Place of the, Distribution of sun-spots in heliographic latitude. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 74, 112, pp. 1874–1913.
DeVries, A. (2015). Utopia in the suburbs: cosmopolitan society, class privilege, and the making of Maʿadi Garden City in twentieth-century Cairo.," Journal of Social History, 49(2), pp. 351–373.
Algohary, S. (2018). Towards sustainable supply of electricity to Egyptian cities by introducing of rooftop solar PV Feed in Tariff system in universities and research centers. International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology, 7(1).
Elshazly, M. (2021). Renewable energy development in Egypt and transitioning to a low-carbon economy. Energy Transitions and the Future of the African Energy Sector: Law, Policy and Governance, pp. 265–286. 2021
Attoye, D. E., Tabet Aoul, K. A., & Hassan, A. (2022). Mandatory Policy, Innovations and the Renewable Energy Debate: A Case Study on Building Integrated Photovoltaics. Buildings, 12(7), 931.
Moamen, M., Rashed, A. Y., & Sheta, S. A. (2010). Examining the Use of Photovoltaic Systems as an Approach for VLS-PV’s Communities in Egypt. In 1st International Graduate Research Symposium on the Built Environment (p. 63).
Elshamy, A. I., Elshazly, E., Oladinrin, O. T., Rana, M. Q., Abd el-Lateef, R. S., El-Badry, S. T., … & El-Mahallawi, I. (2022). Challenges and Opportunities for Integrating RE Systems in Egyptian Building Stocks. Energies, 15(23), 8988.
NA, A., Verde, C. C., & Signature, N. S. P. (2019). NAMA Support Project Proposal.
Salah, S. I., Eltaweel, M., & Abeykoon, C. (2022). Towards a sustainable energy future for Egypt: A systematic review of renewable energy sources, technologies, challenges, and recommendations. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 100497.
Omran, M. (2000). Analysis of solar radiation over Egypt. Theoretical and applied climatology, 67, pp. 225–240.
Shouman, E. R., & Khattab, N. M. (2015). Future economic of concentrating solar power (CSP) for electricity generation in Egypt. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 1119–1127.
Allouhi, A., Rehman, S., Buker, M. S., & Said, Z. (2022). Up-to-date literature review on Solar PV systems: Technology progress, market status and R&D. Journal of Cleaner Production, 132339.
Awawdeh, A. E., Ananzeh, M., El-khateeb, A. I., & Aljumah, A. (2021). Role of green financing and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in technological innovation and corporate environmental performance: a COVID-19 perspective. China Finance Review International, 12(2), 297–316.
Al-Salaymeh, A., Abu-Jeries, A., Spetan, K., Mahmoud, M., & ElKhayat, M. (2016). A guide to renewable energy in Egypt and Jordan: current situation and future potentials. Jordan: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung India.
Abubakr, H., Vasquez, J. C., Mahmoud, K., Darwish, M. M., & Guerrero, J. M. (2022). Comprehensive review on renewable energy sources in Egypt—current status, grid codes and future vision. IEEE Access, 10, 4081–4101.
Ibrahim, A. (2012). Renewable energy sources in the Egyptian electricity market: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(1), pp. 216–230.
Egypt-PV. (2020). [Online]. Available: https://egypt-pv.org/pv-companies/?lang=en [Accessed February 20, 2023].
Mutezo, G., & Mulopo, J. (2021). A review of Africa’s transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy using circular economy principles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 137, 110609.
Sakr, D. A. M., Huenteler, J. T., Matsuo, T. M., & Khanna, A. (2017). Scaling up distributed solar in emerging markets: the case of the Arab Republic of Egypt. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (8103).
Elkadeem, M. R., Wang, S., Azmy, A. M., Atiya, E. G., Ullah, Z., & Sharshir, S. W. (2020). A systematic decision-making approach for planning and assessment of hybrid renewable energy-based micro grid with techno-economic optimization: A case study on an urban community in Egypt. Sustainable Cities and Society, 54, 102013.
Chen, J. (2018). Strategic Synergy between Egypt “Vision 2030” and China’s “Belt and Road” Initiative. Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право, 11(5), 219–235.
Quercia, G., Van Der Putten, J. J. G., Hüsken, G., & Brouwers, H. J. H. (2013). Photovoltaic’s silica-rich waste sludge as supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Cement and concrete research, 54, pp. 161–179.
Hoffmann, C., & Ergenc, C. (2023). A Greening Dragon in the Desert? China’s Role in the Geopolitical Ecology of Decarbonisation in the Eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 25(1), pp. 82–101.
Sohani, A., Cornaro, C., Shahverdian, M. H., Samiezadeh, S., Hoseinzadeh, S., Dehghani-Sanij, A., & Moser, D. (2022). Using Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal (BIPV/T) systems to achieve net zero goals: Current trends and future perspectives. In Towards Net Zero Carbon Emissions in the Building Industry (pp. 91–107). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Zeng, H. (2011). Integration of renewable energy with urban design: based on the examples of the solar photovoltaics and micro wind turbines. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Thornbush, M. J., & Golubchikov, O. (2019). Sustainable urbanism in digital transitions: from low carbon to smart sustainable cities, Springer.
Adun, H., Ishaku, H. P., & Ogungbemi, A. T. (2022). Towards Renewable energy targets for the Middle East and North African region: A decarbonization assessment of energy-water nexus. Journal of Cleaner Production, 374, 133944.
Abouaiana, A., & Battisti, A. (2022). Multifunction Land Use to Promote Energy Communities in Mediterranean Region: Cases of Egypt and Italy. Land, 11(5), 673.
EcoConServ Environmental Solutions. (2016). Benban 1.8GW PV Solar Park, Egypt Strategic Environmental & Social Assessment Final Report. [Online]. Available: https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=49a79536e1153476JmltdHM9MTY3NzI4MzIwMCZpZ3VpZD0xMzA2NTA1Mi00ZTAxLTZhMDQtM2UwMC00MWE4NGY3ZDZiMzAmaW5zaWQ9NTE2NQ&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=13065052-4e01-6a04-3e00-41a84f7d6b30&psq=EcoConServ+Environmental+Solutions.+(2016).+Benban+1.8GW+PV+Solar+Park%2c+Egypt+Strategic+Environmental+%26+Social+Assessment+Final+Report.PDF&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZWJyZC5jb20vZG9jdW1lbnRzL2Vudmlyb25tZW50L2VzaWEtNDgyMTNudHMucGRmP2Jsb2Jub2NhY2hlPXRydWU&ntb=1 [Accessed January 29 2023.].
ACWA power (2023). [Online]. Available at: https://acwapower.com/en/projects/kom-ombo-pv/ [Accessed January 29 2023].
Photon (2023). [Online]. Available at: https://www.photon.info/en/news/access-power-and-eren-completed-financing-two-solar-plants-egypt [Accessed January 29 2023].
Gohar, A., & Kondolf, G. M. (2020). How Eco is Eco-Tourism? A systematic assessment of resorts on the Red Sea, Egypt. Sustainability, 12(23), 10139.
Moharram, N. A., Tarek, A., Gaber, M., & Bayoumi, S. (2022). Brief review on Egypt’s renewable energy current status and future vision. Energy Reports, 8, 165–172.
Saintantonius (2020). [Online]. Available at: https://www.saintantonius.org/sagep [Accessed January 29 2023].
Attiya, G. (2022). Benban’s Solar PV Park in Aswan, Egypt: A Study in New Institutional Economic Geography. Mansoura University, Journal of Faculty of literature, p. 71.
Omar Nour-eddine, I., Lahcen, B., Fahd, O. H., Amin, B., & Aziz, O. (2020). Outdoor performance analysis of different PV technologies under hot semi-arid climate. Energy Reports, 6, 36–48.
Mohamed, R. G., Ebrahim, M. A., Bendary, F. M., & Osman, S. A. (2017). Transient stability enhancement for 20 MW PV power plant via incremental conductance controller. International Journal of System Dynamics Applications (IJSDA), 6(4), 102–123.
Dailynewsegypt. (2023).[Online]. Available at: https://dailynewsegypt.com/2022/08/31/10-gw-h-solar-power-plant-was-inaugurated-in-ain-sokhna/ [Accessed January 29 2023].
Singh, Y. K., Rajput, P., Malvoni, M., Sastry, O. S., Dubey, S., & Pandey, K. (2020). Assessment of losses in cadmium telluride and micromorph based thin film photovoltaic systems under real operating conditions. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2276, No. 1, p. 020049). AIP Publishing, LLC.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to sincerely express their appreciation to Dr. Mohamed Farid Fathy Assistant Professor at Faculty of International Business and Entrepreneurship, E-JUST (Egypt-Japan University for Science and Technology) for his effort in checking the originality of the chapter’s contents. The authors also express their sincere thanks to Dr. Radwa S. Tawfik, Assistant Professor at the Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University for her effort in reviewing and proofreading the chapter’s contents.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Aboulnaga, M., Elsharkawy, M. (2024). Policies and Trends to Mitigate Climate Change Impacts by Integrating Solar Photovoltaics in Buildings and Cities: Emphasis on Egypt’s Experience. In: Sayigh, A. (eds) Reducing the Effects of Climate Change Using Building-Integrated and Building-Applied Photovoltaics in the Power Supply. Innovative Renewable Energy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42584-4_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42584-4_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-42583-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-42584-4
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)