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The Central Andean Linguistic Landscape Through Time and the Quechuan Language Family

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Abstract

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the culture history of the Central Andes, which is chequered and multifaceted. It emphasizes that there is a cultural palimpsest in which old and new elements coexist along each other, and links that to the observation that the same is true linguistically. The chapter then introduces Quechuan, the Andean language family with the largest geographical spread and the greatest number of speakers, discusses its internal classification, and traces the developments that led to its remarkable scope. The chapter shows that in many of the regions in which Quechuan is today spoken as the principal or only Indigenous language there is evidence that, sometimes until quite recently, other languages were once spoken, and that the Quechuan presence is but a relatively thin layer under which now lost diversity can be found. The chapter also discusses what is known about that non-Quechuan diversity, much of which has been further reduced in the meantime, and the state of affairs that can be reconstructed for earliest historical times.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Another solution is to use the equally neutral term “variety” (e.g., Adelaar, 2014).

  2. 2.

    The Argentinan lects also have a strong Quechua IIC imprint, but a more detailed analysis of phonology, grammar, and lexicon show that they result from the leveling of several distinct lects from different parts of the Quechuan-speaking Andes (Adelaar, 1995).

  3. 3.

    Independently from one another, Itier (2013) and Urban (2021) offer critical appraisals of the role of the coast in Quechuan prehistory.

  4. 4.

    The breakup of proto-Quechua II is dated to only 974 years before present by Holman et al. (2011, Table 1).

  5. 5.

    According to Ostler (2006 [2005]), however, trade languages strongly tend to disappear again once the trade connections in the context of which they were used cease to exist.

  6. 6.

    Another likely fruitful ground for exploring substrate influence in the Andes is the Argentinan Quechua lect of Santiago del Estero, to which Adelaar (2007: 326) alludes when mentioning northwestern Argentina. Having heterogeneous origins even as far as the native Quechuan lexicon is concerned (Adelaar 1995; de Granda 1999), Santiago del Estero Quichua also bears hallmarks of imperfect language learning on behalf of people originally speaking a local non-Quechuan language (Adelaar & Muysken, 2004: 178; Cerrón-Palomino 2003 [1987]: 347); these include but are not limited to unusual word order regularities in which adjectives follow rather than precede the substantives they modify (Adelaar & Muysken, 2004: 380fn174). Nardi (1986), what is more, mentions that between two and three percent of the Santiago de Estero lexicon is inherited from local substrate languages, above all Kakán.

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    Matthias Urban

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Urban, M. (2023). The Central Andean Linguistic Landscape Through Time and the Quechuan Language Family. In: Linguistic Stratigraphy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42102-0_2

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