Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Arc Oscillation for Microstructural and Geometric Control of Solids Produced by WAAM

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Selected Topics in Manufacturing

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering ((LNME))

  • 188 Accesses

Abstract

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an additive technology with several advantages, such as a high deposition rate, the possibility to manufacture metallic materials, a very low incidence of porosity and excellent mechanical properties. However, there are challenges in WAAM, like the uncontrollable grain growth (due to the prolonged exposure to high temperatures) and the accumulation of impurities or decrease in toughness (due to preferred crystallographic orientation and the grain growth mechanism). These issues are relevant for many materials like steel, aluminium, titanium, and nickel alloys. This work aimed to use arc oscillation in steel that could break this unrestrained grain growth, resulting in a more refined grain structure. The components were characterised morphologically, geometrically, and microstructurally, and the oscillation resulted in microstructures that were equally or more refined than the base material.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hegab H, Khanna N, Monib N, Salem A (2023) Design for sustainable additive manufacturing: a review. Sustain Mater Technol 35:e00576

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kumar Sinha A, Pramanik S, Yagati KP (2022) Research progress in arc based additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys—a review. Meas J Int Meas Confed 200:111672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Wu B, Pan Z, Ding D, Cuiuri D, Li H, Xu J, Norrish J (2018) A review of the wire arc additive manufacturing of metals: properties, defects and quality improvement. J Manuf Process 35:127–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Li Y, Su C, Zhu J (2022) Comprehensive review of wire arc additive manufacturing: Hardware system, physical process, monitoring, property characterization, application and future prospects. Results Eng 13:100330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Le VT, Mai DS, Doan TK, Paris H (2021) Wire and arc additive manufacturing of 308L stainless steel components: optimization of processing parameters and material properties. Eng Sci Technol Int J 24:1015–1026

    Google Scholar 

  6. Rosli NA, Alkahari MR, bin Abdollah MF, Maidin S, Ramli FR, Herawan SG (2021) Review on effect of heat input for wire arc additive manufacturing process. J Mater Res Technol 11:2127–2145

    Google Scholar 

  7. Li F, Chen S, Shi J, Zhao Y, Tian H (2018) Thermoelectric cooling-aided bead geometry regulation in wire and arc-based additive manufacturing of thin-walled structures. Appl Sci 8:207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Singh S, Sharma SK, Rathod DW (2021) A review on process planning strategies and challenges of WAAM. Mater Today Proc 47:6564–6575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Zhuo Y, Yang C, Fan C, Lin S, Chen Y, Chen C, Cai X (2021) Grain refinement of wire arc additive manufactured titanium alloy by the combined method of boron addition and low frequency pulse arc. Mater Sci Eng A 805:140557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Chen C, Chen F, Yang Y, Zhang H (2021) Study on appearance and mechanical behavior of additively manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V alloy by using cold metal transfer. CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol 35:250–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Nagasai BP, Malarvizhi S, Balasubramanian V (2022) Effect of welding processes on mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of carbon steel cylindrical components made by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technique. CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol 36:100–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhang C, Gao M, Zeng X (2019) Workpiece vibration augmented wire arc additive manufacturing of high strength aluminum alloy. J Mater Process Technol 271:85–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Gu J, Ding J, Williams SW, Gu H, Bai J, Zhai Y, Ma P (2016) The strengthening effect of inter-layer cold working and post-deposition heat treatment on the additively manufactured Al–6.3Cu alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 651:18–26

    Google Scholar 

  14. Sun R, Li L, Zhu Y, Guo W, Peng P, Cong B, Sun J, Che Z, Li B, Guo C, Liu L (2018) Microstructure, residual stress and tensile properties control of wire-arc additive manufactured 2319 aluminum alloy with laser shock peening. J Alloys Compd 747:255–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Yuan T, Luo Z, Kou S (2016) Grain refining of magnesium welds by arc oscillation. Acta Mater 116:166–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Syed AK, Zhang X, Davis AE, Kennedy JR, Martina F, Ding J, Williams S, Prangnell PB (2021) Effect of deposition strategies on fatigue crack growth behaviour of wire + arc additive manufactured titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V. Mater Sci Eng A 814:141194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Lara M, Díaz VV, Camus M, Da Cunha TV (2020) Effect of transverse arc oscillation on morphology, dilution and microstructural aspects of weld beads produced with short-circuiting transfer in GMAW. J Brazilian Soc Mech Sci Eng 42:449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yan Z, Yuan T, Chen S (2019) Microstructural refinement of 6061 and 5052 aluminium alloys by arc oscillation. Mater Sci Technol 35:1651–1655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kou S, Le Y (1985) Grain structure and solidification cracking in oscillated arc welds of 5052 aluminum alloy. Metall Trans A 16:1345–1352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kou S, Le Y (1985) Alternating grain orientation and weld solidification cracking. Metall Trans A 16:1887–1896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Turichin G, Kuznetsov M, Pozdnyakov A, Gook S, Gumenyuk A, Rethmeier M (2018) Influence of heat input and preheating on the cooling rate, microstructure and mechanical properties at the hybrid laser-arc welding of API 5L X80 steel. Procedia CIRP 74:748–751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Liu D, Yang J, Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Cheng G, Yao M, Dong J (2021) Effect of welding heat input on the microstructure and impact toughness of HAZ in 420 MPa-grade offshore engineering steel. Front Mater 8:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  23. BS EN 10025–2 (2019) Hot rolled products of structural steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels, British Standards Institution, United Kingdom

    Google Scholar 

  24. Campatelli G, Venturini G, Grossi N, Baffa F, Scippa A, Yamazaki K (2021) Design and testing of a WAAM Retrofit kit for repairing operations on a milling machine. Machines 9:322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Baffa F, Venturini G, Campatelli G, Galvanetto E (2022) Effect of stepover and torch tilting angle on a repair process using WAAM. Adv Manuf

    Google Scholar 

  26. Richardson RW, DuPont JN, Farson DF, Lyttle KA, Meyer DW (2001) Physics of welding. In: Jenney CL, O’Brien A (eds) AWS Weld. Handb, vol 1—Weld. Sci. Technol., 9th edn. American Welding Society, Miami, USA, pp 51–85

    Google Scholar 

  27. DuPont JN, Marder AR (1995) Thermal efficiency of arc welding processes. Weld J 74:406s–416s

    Google Scholar 

  28. Huang J, Liu G, Yu X, Wu H, Huang Y, Yu S, Fan D (2022) Microstructure regulation of titanium alloy functionally gradient materials fabricated by alternating current assisted wire arc additive manufacturing. Mater Des 218:110731

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Carvalho GHSFL, Venturini G, Campatelli G, Galvanetto E (2023) Development of optimal deposition strategies for cladding of Inconel 625 on carbon steel using wire arc additive manufacturing. Surf Coatings Technol 453:129128

    Google Scholar 

  30. Nag S, Sardar P, Jain A, Himanshu A, Mondal DK (2014) Correlation between ferrite grain size, microstructure and tensile properties of 0.17 wt% carbon steel with traces of microalloying elements. Mater Sci Eng A 597:253–263

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ohring M (1995) How engineering materials are strengthened and toughened. In: Engineering materials science. Elsevier, pp 431–500

    Google Scholar 

  32. Seok M-Y, Choi I-C, Moon J, Kim S, Ramamurty U, Jang J (2014) Estimation of the Hall-Petch strengthening coefficient of steels through nanoindentation. Scr Mater 87:49–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Asahi H, Yagi A, Ueno M (1993) Effects of strengthening mechanisms on sulfide stress cracking resistance of low strength steels. ISIJ Int 33:1190–1195

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139, Firenze, Italy

    Gustavo H. S. F. L. Carvalho & Gianni Campatelli

Authors
  1. Gustavo H. S. F. L. Carvalho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gianni Campatelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gustavo H. S. F. L. Carvalho .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. DICMaPI, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy

    Luigi Carrino

  2. DMMM, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy

    Luigi Maria Galantucci

  3. DIGEP, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy

    Luca Settineri

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Carvalho, G.H.S.F.L., Campatelli, G. (2024). Arc Oscillation for Microstructural and Geometric Control of Solids Produced by WAAM. In: Carrino, L., Galantucci, L.M., Settineri, L. (eds) Selected Topics in Manufacturing. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41163-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41163-2_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-41162-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-41163-2

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation