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Relational Collectivism and Individualism Revisited: Framing of Mélange Familism

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Understanding Gender and Diversity in Europe

Abstract

This chapter provides background and introduces the concept of mélange familism. A way of life emerges when minorities, generally and specifically, the focus group of this study, single mothers, mix relational collectivism and individualism, seeking to make sense of their lives with the new realities in European multicultural societies. I have taken Pakistan, the land of origin of the migrant single women narrators in my research, as an example of a country where relational collectivism is widely practised within families and in broader society and is supported by the country’s state ideology, policies and legal framework. In comparison, while describing individualism in European multicultural societies, I take Denmark as a case study—a country based on industrialisation, neoliberalism and neo-conservatism—which is the new home for migrant single mothers/women: two specific national traditions as paradigms.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Jealousy, an honour-related emotion, excuses murder in criminal law in Pakistan; on the other hand, under individualism, jealousy is condemned and despised as a negative behaviour

  2. 2.

    In the modern history of Denmark, it was similar when biology was taken as destiny and women’s task was mostly associated with reproduction. Her entire existence was considered to belong to a private life. Precisely because privacy concerned the body and its function, women were considered to a greater degree to be part of nature rather than culture (See Rosenbeck, 1987–1990: 48).

  3. 3.

    See Rosenbeck (1987, 1990: 195) for the same pattern in mid-twentieth century Denmark, girls’ and boys’ rearing differed. The socialization of girls emphasized learning of household and being dutiful, boys instead were pushed towards self-reliance.

  4. 4.

    Rosenbeck explains the effect of the complementary role of rural women on the women’s movement in Denmark. Although the first women’s movement was city-based, the dominance of agriculture in Denmark at that time resulted in rural influence on the movement, which drew the feminist ideology away from a demand for equality and toward the idea of complementary roles for men and women (as was the norm in the countryside), or, in other words, toward a more “natural” role for women (Farquhar, 1990: 379).

  5. 5.

    De Sousa and Jenson (2000) divides globalisation into two forms: neoliberal globalization and counter- hegemonic globalization. The latter is defined by Santos (2005) as networks, initiatives, organisations, and movements that fight against the economic, social, and political outcomes of hegemonic globalisation and propose alternative conceptions.

  6. 6.

    The welfare state provided financial support to families with children, public care services for sick or invalid family members, generous paternal leave schemes, and economic compensation for single parents.

  7. 7.

    Historically, individualism in Denmark can be traced back to Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), who wrote, ‘if I were to desire an inscription for my tombstone, I should desire none other than “That individual”’ (quoted in Lukes 1985: 97). For Kierkegaard, an individual has responsibility and thus an ultimate choice: whether or not to accept God’s word. Lukes concludes:

    In the most absolute possible sense, religious belief was, for him, a matter of individual choice and will. For these reasons, Kierkegaard can justly be characterized as standing at an extreme point, both in the development of Christianity and individualism. (Ibid: 98)

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    Rubya Mehdi

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Mehdi, R. (2023). Relational Collectivism and Individualism Revisited: Framing of Mélange Familism. In: Understanding Gender and Diversity in Europe. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40893-9_2

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