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Inflammation and Vascular Pathologies

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Obesity, Diabetes and Inflammation

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

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Abstract

Pro-inflammatory conditions such as obesity, diabetes, chronic illness, and stress play an integral role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Inflammatory pathways involving the innate and adaptive immune system mediate the development of atherosclerosis and are potentiated by risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, tobacco smoking, and physical activity. Inflammatory markers such as hsCRP and IL-6 may be used to further augment our risk stratification and prognostication of cardiovascular disease, beyond current conventional risk factor assessments. Lifestyle modifications and therapies targeting inflammatory pathways have shown promise in moderating chronic inflammatory burden and decreasing cardiovascular events. As such, further research is needed to characterize the relationship between inflammation, obesity, and ASCVD and identify optimal therapeutic strategies.

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Abbreviations

ANCHOR:

Epanova compared to Lovaza in patients with high triglycerides and mixed dyslipidemia study

ASCVD:

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

BMI:

Body mass index

CAC:

Coronary artery calcification

CANTOS:

Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study

CIRT:

Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial

CM:

Chylomicrons

COLCOT:

Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

FOURIER:

Further cardiovascular outcomes research with PCSK9 inhibition in subjects with elevated risk

FPP:

Farnesyl pyrophosphate

GGPP:

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate

HIF 1α:

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha

HMG-CoA:

β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase

hsCRP:

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

IDL:

Intermediate-density lipoprotein

IFN-γ:

Interferon-gamma

IL:

Interleukins

IMPROVE-IT:

Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial

JELIS:

Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study

JUPITER:

Justification for the use of statins in prevention: an intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin trial

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

LDL-C:

LDL cholesterol

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

MA:

Myocardial infarction

M-CSF:

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

MESA:

Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor κB

NLRP:

NOD-like receptor protein

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1

PRINCE:

Pravastatin Inflammation CRP Evaluation Trial

PROVE-IT:

Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy trial

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

REDUCE-IT:

Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention trial

RESPECT-EPA:

Randomized trial for evaluation in secondary prevention efficacy of combination therapy-statin and eicosapentaenoic acid trial

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SPIRE:

Reduction of vascular events study

TG:

Triglycerides

TGRLP:

Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein

Th1 cells:

T helper 1 cells

TLR2:

Toll-like receptor 2

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

tPA:

Tissue plasminogen activator

TRL:

Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1

VLDL:

Very low-density lipoprotein

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA

    Angelina Zhyvotovska & Caroline Ong

Authors
  1. Angelina Zhyvotovska
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  2. Caroline Ong
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Correspondence to Caroline Ong .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA

    Dimiter Avtanski

  2. Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA

    Leonid Poretsky

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Zhyvotovska, A., Ong, C. (2023). Inflammation and Vascular Pathologies. In: Avtanski, D., Poretsky, L. (eds) Obesity, Diabetes and Inflammation. Contemporary Endocrinology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39721-9_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39721-9_7

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