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Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetes

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Obesity, Diabetes and Inflammation

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

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Abstract

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), both endogenously produced and food-derived, are generated by the non-enzymatic glycation of complex biomolecules. Persistently increased AGEs levels could lead to dysfunction and organ damage via inducing specific signaling and/or directly modifying proteins resulting in the loss of their structure and function. Concerning diabetes and diabetic complications, AGEs are toxic to β-cells and significantly contribute to the establishment of oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance in various types of cells and tissues. Studies have revealed an association between AGEs and the development and progression of diabetic complications. Various systems could be targeted, with most findings linking high levels of AGEs with diabetic complications in the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, and the kidneys, even after establishing strict glycemic control. Diabetes and diabetic complications seem to be acquiring epidemic nature worldwide. The modern diet, being a substantial source of AGEs, is probably one of the culprits in this situation. AGEs are involved in both the induction and the progression of diabetes. Preventing and managing diabetes and its complications requires special attention to nutritional and pharmaceutical strategies that neutralize AGEs, block their actions, or improve the body’s endogenous antioxidant capacity.

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Abbreviations

AGE:

Advanced glycation end-product

AGER:

AGE receptor

AP1:

Activator protein 1

CML:

Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EMT:

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Erk1/2:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

ET-1:

Endothelin-1

FOXO:

Forkhead family of transcription factors

GLP-1:

Glucagon-like peptide 1

GLUT4:

Glucose transporter type 4

GOLD:

Glyoxal-lysine-dimer

GSH:

Glutathione

IAPP:

Islet amyloid peptide

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IL-6:

Interleukin 6

IRS-1:

Insulin receptor substrate 1

JAK/STAT:

Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

LOX-1:

Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCP-1 (s. CCL2):

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1

MG:

Methylglyoxal

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinases

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PDX-1:

Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PKB:

Protein kinase B

PKC:

Protein kinase C

PRRs:

Pattern recognition receptors

RAGE:

Receptor for advanced glycation end products

RAS:

Renin–angiotensin system

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SAPK:

Stress-activated protein kinase

SIRT1:

Sirtuin 1

Stab:

Stabilin

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

T2D:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

TLR4:

Toll-like receptor 4

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Treg:

Regulatory T cells

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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  1. Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia

    Nikola Hadzi-Petrushev

  2. Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Skopje, Macedonia

    Marija Angelovski & Mitko Mladenov

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    Dimiter Avtanski

  2. Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA

    Leonid Poretsky

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Hadzi-Petrushev, N., Angelovski, M., Mladenov, M. (2023). Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetes. In: Avtanski, D., Poretsky, L. (eds) Obesity, Diabetes and Inflammation. Contemporary Endocrinology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39721-9_5

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