Abstract
Various methods are currently employed for esophageal cancer staging, including computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and histopathologic based staging, which encompasses endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). However, no single modality can accurately stage every patient with esophageal cancer on its own. Given the crucial role of accurate staging in devising an optimal therapeutic approach, the use of a combination of these modalities is often necessary.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Jayaprakasam VS, et al. Role of imaging in esophageal cancer management in 2020: update for radiologists. Am J Roentgenol. 2020;215:1–13.
van Hagen P, et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(22):2074–84.
Cunningham D, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(1):11–20.
Cen P, et al. Value of endoscopic ultrasound staging in conjunction with the evaluation of lymphovascular invasion in identifying low-risk esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 2008;112(3):503–10.
Mariette C, et al. Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for stage I and II esophageal cancer: final analysis of randomized controlled phase III trial FFCD 9901. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(23):2416–22.
Natsugoe S, et al. Randomized controlled study on preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery versus surgery alone for esophageal squamous cell cancer in a single institution. Dis Esophagus. 2006;19(6):468–72.
Boonstra JJ, et al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery versus surgery alone in patients with resectable oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: long-term results of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:181.
Hayes T, et al. Staging in esophageal and gastric cancers. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2017;31(3):427–40.
Mehta K, et al. Minimally invasive staging of esophageal cancer. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;6(2):110–8.
Rice TW, Patil DT, Blackstone EH. 8th edition AJCC/UICC staging of cancers of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: application to clinical practice. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;6(2):119–30.
Power SP, Moloney F, Twomey M, James K, O’Connor OJ, Maher MM. Computed tomography and patient risk: Facts, perceptions and uncertainties. World J Radiol. 2016;8(12):902–15.
Seevaratnam R, et al. How useful is preoperative imaging for tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging of gastric cancer? A meta-analysis. Gastric Cancer. 2012;15(Suppl 1):S3-18.
Elsherif SB, et al. Role of precision imaging in esophageal cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(9):5159–5176.
Quint LE, Bogot NR. Staging esophageal cancer. Cancer Imaging. 2008;8(Spec No A):S33–42.
Mukherjee P, et al. Imaging of the esophagus. In: Chawla A, editors. Thoracic imaging: basic to advanced. Singapore: Springer; 2019.
Guo J, et al. A prospective analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of 3 T MRI, CT and endoscopic ultrasound for preoperative T staging of potentially resectable esophageal cancer. Cancer Imaging. 2020;20(1):64.
Zhu Y, et al. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in esophageal carcinoma: tool or toy? Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2019;15(3):101–7.
Sakurada A, et al. Diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in esophageal cancer. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(6):1461–9.
Xing X, et al. Potential use of high-resolution T2-weighted MRI with histopathologic findings in staging esophageal cancer. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2023;13(1):249–58.
Parry K, et al. Staging of adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2016;42(3):400–6.
Bartel MJ, et al. Role of EUS in patients with suspected Barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia or early esophageal adenocarcinoma: impact on endoscopic therapy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;86(2):292–8.
Barbour AP, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound predicts outcomes for patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205(4):593–601.
Findlay JM, et al. Pragmatic staging of oesophageal cancer using decision theory involving selective endoscopic ultrasonography PET and laparoscopy. Br J Surg. 2015;102(12):1488–99.
Bianco V, et al. Evaluation of the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound for stage I esophageal cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 219:S29.
Bergeron EJ, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound is inadequate to determine which T1/T2 esophageal tumors are candidates for endoluminal therapies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147:765–71.
Shridhar R, et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound staging for T2N0 esophageal cancer: a national cancer database analysis. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2018;9(5):887–93.
Luu C, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound staging for early esophageal cancer: are we denying patients neoadjuvant chemo-radiation? World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(46):8193–9.
Harewood GC, et al. Assessment of clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound on esophageal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19(4):433–9.
Schmidt T, et al. Value of functional imaging by PET in esophageal cancer. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2015;13(2):239–47.
van Rossum PS, et al. Imaging of oesophageal cancer with FDG-PET/CT and MRI. Clin Radiol. 2015;70(1):81–95.
Luketich JD, et al. Minimally invasive surgical staging for esophageal cancer. Surg Endosc. 2000;14(8):700–2.
DaVee T, et al. Is endoscopic ultrasound examination necessary in the management of esophageal cancer? World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(5):751–62.
Puli SR, et al. Staging accuracy of esophageal cancer by endoscopic ultrasound: a meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(10):1479–90.
Foley KG, et al. Accuracy of contemporary oesophageal cancer lymph node staging with radiological-pathological correlation. Clin Radiol. 2017;72(8):693 e1–693 e7
Rizk N, et al. Preoperative 18[F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography standardized uptake values predict survival after esophageal adenocarcinoma resection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81(3):1076–81.
Nguyen NT, et al. Evaluation of minimally invasive surgical staging for esophageal cancer. Am J Surg. 2001;182(6):702–6.
Meyers BF, et al. The utility of positron emission tomography in staging of potentially operable carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0060 trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133(3):738–45.
Raptis CA, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® staging and follow-up of esophageal cancer. J Am Coll Radiol. 2022;19(11S):S462-S472.
de Graaf GW, et al. The role of staging laparoscopy in oesophagogastric cancers. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33(8):988–92.
Leeman MF, et al. Multidetector computed tomography versus staging laparoscopy for the detection of peritoneal metastases in esophagogastric junctional and gastric cancer. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2017;27(5):369–74.
Riddell AM, et al. The appearances of oesophageal carcinoma demonstrated on high-resolution, T2-weighted MRI, with histopathological correlation. Eur Radiol. 2007;17(2):391–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Monrabal Lezama, M., Kovic, A., Martínez, E., De Luca, S. (2023). Radiologic Evaluation of Esophageal Cancer. In: Schlottmann, F., Ferri, L., Molena, D., Patti, M.G. (eds) Esophageal Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39086-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39086-9_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-39085-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-39086-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)