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Nano-Adjuvants

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Nanomedicines for the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases

Part of the book series: AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series ((AAPS,volume 56))

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Abstract

Current vaccine development is highly focused on safer vaccine strategies such as subunit vaccines containing purified parts of the pathogen. However, subunit vaccines suffer from low immunogenicity, often requiring the inclusion of an adjuvant to augment immune responses. Adjuvants boost vaccine efficacy by acting as agonists for pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which are present on the cell membrane and in different intracellular compartments of immune cells. The mechanistic insights into PRR activation led to the discovery of several adjuvant molecules that stimulate the immune system by diverse mechanisms. The physicochemical properties associated with these adjuvants and their ability to reach intracellular compartments of immune cells limit their usage. Nanoparticulate delivery systems aid adjuvants in overcoming these issues by enabling efficient encapsulation and precisely delivering them to intracellular compartments while safeguarding them from harsh in vivo conditions. Of note, nanoparticles possess self-adjuvant properties due to their pathogen-mimicking nature. Specifically, nano-adjuvant systems have been widely studied in the development of vaccines against infectious diseases, including the recent coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This chapter focuses on the adjuvants and nano-adjuvant strategies studied for various infectious diseases.

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Abbreviations

AC:

Alpha casein

AH:

Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant

Algel-IMDG:

Alum-absorbed imidazoquinoline

Alum-TT:

Aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed tetanus toxoid

AP-1:

Activator protein-1

APC:

Antigen-presenting cells

AS:

Adjuvant system

ASP:

Angelica sinensis polysaccharide

CARD:

Caspase recruitment domain

CDNs:

Cyclic dinucleotides

CFA:

Complete Freund’s Adjuvant

cGAMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate

CLRs:

C-type lectin receptors

CpG ODN:

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides

CpG:

Cytosine phosphate-guanine

CR3:

Complement receptor 3

CSW:

Cell wall skeleton

DAMPs:

Danger-associated molecular patterns

DAP:

Diaminopimelic acid

DCs:

Dendritic cells

dLNs:

Draining lymph nodes

dsRNA:

Double-stranded RNA

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

GLA:

Glucopyranosyl lipid A

HA:

Hemagglutinin

HBsAg:

Hepatitis B surface antigen

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HPV:

Human papillomavirus

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

IFN:

Interferon

IM:

Intramuscular injection

ISCOMs:

Immunostimulatory complexes

ISRE7:

Interferon-stimulated response element 7

ITAM:

Immunoreceptor signaling motif

LNPs:

Lipid nanoparticles

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LRR:

Leucine-rich repeat

MAIT:

Mucosal-associated invariant T

MALP-2:

Macrophage activating lipopeptide

MAVS:

Mitochondria antiviral signaling

mDCs:

Myeloid dendritic cells

MDP:

Muramyl dipeptide

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MPL:

Monophosphoryl lipid A

MPT:

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation primary response 88

NHPs:

Nonhuman primates

NK:

Natural killer cells

NLRP3:

Pyrin-domain-containing 3

NLRs:

Nod-like receptors

NP:

Nanoparticle

PAMPs:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

pDCs:

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

PEG-b-PPS:

Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(propylene sulfide)

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PLA:

Poly(lactic acid)

PLGA:

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

poly (I:C):

Polyriboinosinic: polyribocytidylic acid (I:C)

PRRs:

Pattern-recognition receptors

RIG-I:

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I

RIP1:

Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1

RLRs:

RIG-I-like receptors

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SC:

Subcutaneous

STING:

Stimulator of interferon genes

Syk:

Spleen tyrosine kinase

TBK1:

TANK-binding kinase 1

TDB:

Trehalose 6,6′-dibehenate

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TRADD:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated death domain

TRAF3:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors 3

TRAF6:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors 6

TRAM:

TRIF-related adapter molecule

TRIF:

Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β

TT:

Tetanus toxoid

VLP:

Virus-like particles

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA

    Bishal Misra, Krystal A. Hughes & Sharan Bobbala

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  1. Bishal Misra
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  2. Krystal A. Hughes
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  3. Sharan Bobbala
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Correspondence to Sharan Bobbala .

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  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology (Elite status), Deemed University Matunga, Mumbai, India

    Vandana B. Patravale

  2. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. K. Coit College of Pharmacy University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, USA

    Abhijit A. Date

  3. Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India

    Anil B. Jindal

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Misra, B., Hughes, K.A., Bobbala, S. (2023). Nano-Adjuvants. In: Patravale, V.B., Date, A.A., Jindal, A.B. (eds) Nanomedicines for the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 56. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39020-3_10

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