Abstract
From ancient times, underground water resources such as wells and bawaris have been used for drinking and other daily activities. Half of the world’s population still relies on groundwater to satisfy their drinkable water needs. Consequently, its quality is degraded due to industrialization and human interference. The most prevalent concern is groundwater contamination from sewage, industrial effluents, pesticides, and other pollutants. As a result, one of the most critical and complex environmental concerns confronting all life forms on Earth is supplying adequate clean drinking water to every human being to ensure survival. Groundwater is estimated to be the source of domestic water for 80% of the rural and 50% of its urban areas. Fluoride-rich groundwater exposure produced everything from dental fluorosis to devastating skeletal fluorosis in humans and animals. Although numerous defluoridation methods are available, including coagulation, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration, these technologies have proven ineffective in rural areas, particularly in rural hilly areas, due to high costs and a lack of skilled operators. The present review aims to corroborate the uses of organic products, mainly from agriculture, agroforestry, and forest waste. In this chapter, we discuss the preparation of various adsorbents from these products, the efficiency of fluoride removal, the cost–benefit analysis, and market economy. The chapter provides insight into some cost-effective mitigating approaches for ground water defluoridation at the household and community level in rural hilly areas of India.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alagumuthu, G., & Rajan, M. (2010). Equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption of fluoride onto zirconium impregnated cashew nut shell carbon. Chemical Engineering Journal, 158, 451–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.01.017
Das, S., Pramanik, A., Das, R., & Chatterjee, A. (2022). An evolving perspective on the fluoride mitigation techniques. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1–32.
Dwivedi, S., Mondal, P., & Balomajumder, C. (2014). Removal of fluoride using Citrus limetta in batch reactor: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 4, 50–58. 2231-606X
Ganvir, V., & Das, K. (2011). Removal of fluoride from drinking water using aluminum hydroxide coated rice husk ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185, 1287–1294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.044
Guiza, S., Brouers, F., & Bagane, M. (2021). Fluoride removal from aqueous solution by montmorillonite clay: Kinetics and equilibrium modeling using new generalized fractal equation. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 21, 101187.
Joshi, S., Garg, M., & Jana, S. (2022). Thermal activated adsorbent from D. sissoo sawdust for fluoride removal: Batch study. Journal of the Institution of Engineers India: Series E, 103, 323–337.
Karthikeyan, K., Nanthakumar, K., Velmurugan, P., Tamilarasi, S., & Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P. (2010). Prevalence of certain inorganic constituents in groundwater samples of Erode district, Tamilnadu, India, with special emphasis on fluoride, fluorosis and its remedial measures. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 160, 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0664-0
Khoshnamvand, N., Bazrafshan, E., & Kamarei, B. (2018). Fluoride removal from aqueous solutions by NaOH-modified eucalyptus leaves. Ssu-Jehsd, 3, 481–487.
Manna, S., Roy, D., Adhikari, B., Thomas, S., & Das, P. (2018). Biomass for water defluoridation and current understanding on biosorption mechanisms: A review. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 37, 1560–1572.
Mohan, R., & Dutta, R. K. (2020). A study of suitability of limestone for fluoride removal by phosphoric acid-crushed limestone treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8, 104410.
MoJS. (2023). Handbook on drinking water treatment technologies.
Mondal, N. K., Bhaumik, R., Baur, T., Das, B., Roy, P., & Datta, J. K. (2012). Studies on defluoridation of water by tea ash: An unconventional biosorbent. Chemical Science Transactions, 1, 239–256.
Parmar, H. S., Patel, J. B., Sudhakar, P., & Koshy, V. (2006). Removal of fluoride from water with powdered corn cobs. Journal of Environmental Science & Engineering, 48, 135–138.
Pratha, A. A., & Prabakar, J. (2020). Defluoridation potential of rice husk, groundnut shell as a conventional alternative for fluoride removal—A Review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 32, 124–131.
Rajan, M., & Alagumuthu, G. (2012). Study of fluoride affinity by zirconium impregnated walnut shell carbon in aqueous phase: Kinetic and isotherm evaluation. Journal of Chemistry, 2013, 235048. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/235048
Roy, S., & Das, P. (2016). Assessment on the defluoridation using novel activated carbon synthesized from tea waste: Batch, statistical optimization and mathematical modeling. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 32.
Sivabalan, R., Rengaraj, S., Arabindoo, B., & Murugesan, V. (2003). Cashewnut sheath carbon: A new sorbent for defluoridation of water. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 10, 217–222.
Thakur, R. S., Katoch, S. S., & Modi, A. (2020). Assessment of pine cone derived activated carbon as an adsorbent in defluoridation. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 1407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03207-x
Uddin, M. K., Ahmed, S. S., & Naushad, M. (2019). A mini update on fluoride adsorption from aqueous medium using clay materials. Desalination and Water Treatment, 145, 232–248.
Walia, R., Chauhan, A., & Kumar, S. (2021). Literature review on the elimination of fluoride ions from industrial wastewater utilizing tamarind. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Management, 3, 110–120. https://doi.org/10.35629/5252-0307110120
Wendimu, G., Zewge, F., & Mulugeta, E. (2017). Aluminium-iron-amended activated bamboo charcoal (AIAABC) for fluoride removal from aqueous solutions. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 16, 123–131.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank our prestigious institute and other people who are involved in this study for their direct and indirect contributions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thakur, R.S., Modi, A. (2023). Efficient and Cost Effective Groundwater De-fluoridation Adsorbents with Focus on Rural Hilly India: A Comprehensive Review. In: Yadav, A.K., Shirin, S., Singh, V.P. (eds) Advanced Treatment Technologies for Fluoride Removal in Water. Water Science and Technology Library, vol 125 . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38845-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38845-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-38844-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-38845-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)