Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hormones

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Organ Crosstalk in Acute Kidney Injury

  • 256 Accesses

Abstract

Hormones are chemical mediators that act on target tissues at a distance from the endocrine glands that produce them. Hormones are classified according to their chemical structure in peptides/proteins and steroid hormones. Most hormones belong to the peptide/protein class, are hydrophilic, circulate in the bloodstream in their free form, and interact with membrane receptors, except for thyroid hormones. Steroid and thyroid hormones are lipophilic and need carrier proteins to increase their solubility in plasma, and bind to intracellular receptors. Membrane receptors are classified as receptors coupled to guanine-binding proteins (G-proteins), receptor tyrosine kinases, and receptors coupled to ion channels. Intracellular receptors bind to the DNA of target genes and regulate transcription by interacting with other transcription factors that stimulate or repress gene transcription.

Hormone bioavailability depends on the rate of secretion, the concentration of free hormones, and the metabolic clearance rate (MCR). Only free hormones are accessible to interaction with the receptor, and metabolic clearance. Three systems are involved in the control of hormone levels: the central nervous system through autonomic input, the endocrine system in feedback loops, and different ions or nutrients specific to the different hormones.

Body homeostasis of water and electrolytes are under the complex regulation of several hormones: antidiuretic (ADH) or arginine-vasopressin (AVP), which regulates total body water and osmolality in extracellular fluid (ECF); aldosterone, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAAS), which regulate the total mass of sodium and potassium; and insulin and natriuretic atrial peptide (ANP), which control the influx and outflux of potassium from the intracellular fluid, and the excretion of sodium, respectively. The main target for ADH/AVP, aldosterone, and ANP is the distal nephron, although ADH/AVP and the RAAS also regulate other systems, like thirst (ADH/AVP) and vascular tone (RAAS).

This chapter aims to review the basic concepts of the function and regulation of the endocrine system and its involvement in the maintenance of water and electrolyte homeostasis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Calandra RS. Introducción a la Endocrinología. In: Calandra RS, Barontini MB, editors. Fisiopatología Molecular y Clínica Endocrinológica. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Elli Lilly Interamérica; 2015. p. 147–51.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Molina P. General principles of endocrine physiology In: Endocrine physiology. McGraw Hill Medical; 2013. p. 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Feher J. General principles of endocrinology. In Quantitative Human Physiology: An introduction. Academic Press; 2017. p. 853–69.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Riera MF, Meroni SB, Pellizzari EH, Cigorraga SB, Juvenal GJ. Mecanismo de acción de hormonas con receptores en la superficie celular. In. Calandra RS, Barontini MB, editors. Fisiopatología Molecular y Clínica Endocrinológica. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Elli Lilly Interamérica 2015: 173–183.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Duc NM, Kim HR, Chung KY. Structural mechanism of G protein activation by G protein-coupled receptor. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;763(Pt B):214–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Syrovatkina V, Alegre KO, Dey R, Huang XY. Regulation, signaling, and physiological functions of G-proteins. J Mol Biol. 2016;428:3850–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Trenker R, Jura N. Receptor tyrosine kinase activation: from the ligand perspective. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2020;63:174–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2020.01.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Lüthy IA. Mecanismo de acción de receptores de esteroides. In: Calandra RS, Barontini MB, editors Fisiopatología Molecular y Clínica Endocrinológica. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Elli Lilly Interamérica 2015: 161–171.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Rastinejad F, Huang P, Chandra V, Khorasanizadeh SJ. Understanding nuclear receptor form and function using structural biology. Mol Endocrinol. 2013;51:T1–T21. https://doi.org/10.1530/JME-13-0173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kimmins S, TH MR. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2000;5:76–86. https://doi.org/10.1379/1466-1268(2000)005<0076:mosrae>2.0.co;2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Sun Z, Xu Y. Nuclear receptor coactivators (NCOAs) and corepressors (NCORs) in the brain. Endocrinology. 2020;161:bqaa083. https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqaa083.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. De Lavallaz L, Musso CG. Chronobiology in nephrology: the influence of circadian rhythms on renal handling of drugs and renal disease treatment. Int Urol Nephrol. 2018;50(12):2221–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-018-2001-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Molina P. Endocrine integration of energy and electrolyte balance. In: Endocrine physiology. McGraw Hill Medical; 2013. p. 249–80.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Sparapani S, Millet-Boureima C, Oliver J, Mu K, Hadavi P, Kalostian T, Ali N, Avelar CM, Bardies M, Barrow B, Benedikt M, Biancardi G, Bindra R, Bui L, Chihab Z, Cossitt A, Costa J, Daigneault T, Dault J, Davidson I, Dias J, Dufour E, El-Khoury S, Farhangdoost N, Forget A, Fox A, Gebrael M, Gentile MC, Geraci O, Gnanapragasam A, Gomah E, Haber E, Hamel C, Iyanker T, Kalantzis C, Kamali S, Kassardjian E, Kontos HK, Le TBU LSD, Low YF, Mac Rae D, Maurer F, Mazhar S, Nguyen A, Nguyen-Duong K, Osborne-Laroche C, Park HW, Parolin E, Paul-Cole K, Peer LS, Philippon M, Plaisir CA, Porras Marroquin J, Prasad S, Ramsarun R, Razzaq S, Rhainds S, Robin D, Scartozzi R, Singh D, Fard SS, Soroko M, Soroori Motlagh N, Stern K, Toro L, Toure MW, Tran-Huynh S, Trépanier-Chicoine S, Waddingham C, Weekes AJ, Wisniewski A, Gamberi C. The biology of vasopressins. Biomedicines. 2021:89. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9010089.

  15. ) Bichet DG. Vasopressin receptors in health and disease. Kidney Int. 1996;49:1706–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1996.252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Su W, Cao R, Zhang XY, Guan Y. Aquaporins in the kidney: physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2020;318:F193–203. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00304.2019.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Musso CG, Jauregui JR. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the aging kidney. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2014;9(6):543–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Palmer BF. Regulation of potassium homeostasis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:1050–60. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.08580813.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Holt E, Lupsa B, Lee G, Bassyouni H, Peery H. Regulation of salt and water balance. In: Goodman’s basic medical endocrinology. Elsevier; 2021. eBook ISBN: 9780128158456

    Google Scholar 

  20. Musso CG. Potassium metabolism in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), part I: patients not on dialysis (stages 3-4). Int Urol Nephrol. 2004;36(465–468):7.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Potter LR, Yoder AR, Flora DR, Antos LK, Dickey DM. Natriuretic peptides: their structures, receptors, physiologic functions, and therapeutic applications. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2009;191:341–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68964-5_15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Emmanouel DS, Lindheimer MD, Ai K. Pathogenesis of endocrine abnormalities in uremia. Endocrine Rev. 1980;1:28–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Maria Fabiana Russo-Picasso & Erica Springer

Authors
  1. Maria Fabiana Russo-Picasso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Erica Springer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria Fabiana Russo-Picasso .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nephrology Division, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Carlos Guido Musso

  2. Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania

    Adrian Covic

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Russo-Picasso, M.F., Springer, E. (2023). Hormones. In: Musso, C.G., Covic, A. (eds) Organ Crosstalk in Acute Kidney Injury. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36789-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36789-2_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-36788-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-36789-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation