We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Skip to main content

Polystome Species of Amphibians

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Polystomatid Flatworms

Part of the book series: Zoological Monographs ((ZM,volume 9))

  • 56 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter brings together all known polystomes of amphibians, namely 135 spp. from all three extant orders Anura (frogs and toads), Urodela (salamanders) and Apoda (caecilians). For each of the species, we provide information on type material, reference to the description, etymology, type locality, host identity, geographical distribution, site of infection, morphometrics and a species drawing based on the original description.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aisien MSO, Du Preez LH (2009) A redescription of Polystoma africanum Szidat, 1932 (Monogenea: Polystomatidae). Zootaxa 2095:37–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aisien SO, Salami LA, Obaro FE, Erakpoweri SO (2004) The influence of climate on the distribution of monogeneans of anurans in Nigeria. J Helminthol 78:101–104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aisien MSO, Du Preez LH, Imasuen AA (2011) Polystoma okomuensis n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boulenger’s striped frog, Phlyctimantis boulengeri (Perret, 1986) in Nigeria. J Helminthol 85:153–159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Sorkhy MK, Amr Z (2003) Platyhelminth parasites of some amphibians in Jordan. Turk J Zool 27:89–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvey CH (1933) Sphyranura oligorchis n. sp. from Necturus maculosus. J Parasitol 20:140

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvey CH (1936) The morphology and development of the monogenetic trematode Sphyranura oligorchis (Alvey 1933) and the description of Sphyranura polyorchis n. sp. Parasitology 28:229–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avery RA (1971) A preliminary list of parasites collected from reptiles and amphibians in northern Nigeria. Brit J Herpetol 4:217–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Badets M, Boissier J, Brémond P, Verneau O (2009) Polystoma gallieni: Experimental evidence for chemical cues for developmental plasticity. Exp Parasitol 121:163–166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badets M, Whittington I, Lalubin F, Allienne JF, Maspimby JL, Bentz S, Du Preez LH, Barton D, Hasegawa H, Tandon V, Imkongwapang R, Ohler A, Combes C, Verneau O (2011) Correlating early evolution of parasitic platyhelminths to Gondwana breakup. Syst Biol 60:762–781

    Google Scholar 

  • Bain R (2004) Odorrana livida. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Barrera GS, Hammerson G (2004) Spea bombifrons. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Barrera GS, Hammerson G, Chaves G, Wilson LD, Bolanos F, Campos PP (2010) Smilisca baudinii. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Barroso DD, Beebee T, Beja P, Andreone F, Bosch J, Tejedo M, Lizana M, Solano IM, Salvador A, Paris MG, Gil ER, Slimani T, Mouden EHE, Marquez R (2009) Hyla meridionalis. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Barton DB, Richards SJ (1996) Helminth infracommunities in Litoria genimaculata (Amphibia: Anura) from Birthday Creek, an upland rainforest stream in northern Queensland, Australia. Int J Parasitol 26:1381–1385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batchvarov GK (1982) Polystoma combesi n. sp. (Polystomatidae Gambl, 1896) a parasite on Rana graeca Boulanger, 1897, in Bulgaria. C R Acad Bulg Sci 35:249–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Beja P, Bosch J, Tejedo M, Lizana M, Martínez-Solano I, Salvador A, García-París M, Gil ER, Pérez-Mellado V, Paniagua CD, Cheylan M, Marquez R, Geniez P (2009) Pelobates cultripes. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Bentz S, Leroy S, du Preez L, Mariaux J, Vaucher C, Verneau O (2001) Origin and evolution of African Polystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) assessed by molecular methods. Int J Parasitol 31:697–705

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bentz S, Sinnappah-Kang ND, Lim LH, Lebedev B, Combes C, Verneau O (2006) Historical biogeography of amphibian parasites, genus Polystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae). J Biogeogr 33:742–749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berthier P, Du Preez LH, Raharivololoniaina L, Vences M, Verneau O (2014) Two new species of polystomes (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from the anuran host Guibemantis liber. Parasitol Int 63:108–119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beverley-Burton M (1962) Some monogenetic trematodes from Amphibia in Southern Rhodesia including a new species, Polystoma mashoni, sp. n., from Bufo regularis (Reuss). J Parasitol 1962:752–757

    Google Scholar 

  • Biserkov VV, Hadjinikolova RI (1993) Polystoma fuscus n. sp. (Polystomatidae) from the common spadefoot Pelobates fuscus (Pelobatidae) in Bulgaria. Syst Parasitol 25:145–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biserkov VY, Yildirimhan HS, Buchvarov G, Ugurtas JH (2001) Polystoma macrocnemis n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from the Iranian longlegged wood frog Rana macrocnemis (Ranidae) in Turkey. Syst Parasitol 48:61–66

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgat R (1975) Polystoma assoulinei n. sp. (Monogenea, Polystomatidae) parasite vésical de Ptychadaena huguettae (Anura) au Togo. Vie Milieu C 25:197–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourgat R (1977) Etude comparative des polystomes (Monogènes) de ranidés (Anoures) du Sud Togo. Description de Polystoma togoensis n. sp. Bull Mus Natl Hist Nat 312:447–463

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourgat R, Combes C (1976) Présence de Protopolystoma xenopi (Price, 1943) au Togo, considérations sur l’aire et les hôtes de ce monogène Polystomatidae. Ann Univ Bénin Togo 2:55–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourgat R, Murith D (1980) Polystoma lamottei n. sp. et P. aeschlimanni n. sp. deux polystomes (Monogènes) de la même espèce d’Amphibien: Ptychadena pumilio (Boulenger, 1920). Z Parasitenkd 62:293–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgat R, Salami M-L (1973) Contribution à l’étude de Eupolystoma alluaudi (de Beauchamp, 1913) (Monogenea, Polystomatidae). Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 48:755–760

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgat R, Morere J-J, Kulo S-D (1983) Nouvelles récoltes de Eupolystoma alluaudi (de Beauchamp, 1913) en Afrique. Considérations sur l’aire et les hôtes de ce Monogenea. Rev Zool Afric 97:567–580

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks DR (1976) Platyhelminthes of amphibians in Nebraska. Bull Univ Nebr State Mus 10:64–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchvarov GK (1980) Polystoma mazurmovici n. sp. (Polystomatidae Gambl, 1896), a parasite of Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1939 in Bulgaria. Trav. Sci. Univ. Plovdiv – Biol 18:183–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchvarov GK (1984a) Polystoma skrjabini n. sp. (Polystomatidae Gambl, 1896) - a parasite on Hyla arborea (Linné, 1758), in Bulgaria. C R Acad Bulgare Sci 37:697–699

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchvarov GK (1984b) Polystoma skuratovitchi n. sp. (Polystomatidae Gambl, 1986) - a parasite on Rana arvalis Nicolsson, 1842 from west Poland. Nauchni Trudove. Trav. Sci. Univ. Plovdiv – Biol 22:137–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Bwathondi POJ (1977) Short notes of the infection of the African toad, Bufo regularis by the monogenean parasite, Beauchampia alluaudi (Beauchamp, 1913). Univ Sci J (Dar. Univ) 3:41–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Caballero C, Cerecero EC (1941) Una nueva especie de Polystoma (Trematoda: Polystomatidae) parasito de la vejiga urinaria de Hyla baudinii (Dum. y Bibr.) (1). An Inst Biol Univ Nac Auton Mexico 12:615–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell RA (1967) A comparative study of the parasites of certain Salientia from Pocahontas state park, Virginia. Virginia J Sci 19:13–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell RA (1969) An unusual infection of Polystoma nearcticum (Paul, 1938). Virginia J Sci 20:174–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaabane A, Verneau O, Du Preez LH (2019) Indopolystoma (n. gen.) Monogenea: Polystomatidae with the description of three new species and reassignment of eight known Polystoma species from Asian frogs (Anura, Rhacophoridae). Parasite 26:67. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019067

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chaabane A, Du Preez L, Johnston G, Verneau O (2022) Revision of the systematics of the Polystomoidinae (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Polystomatidae) with redefinition of Polystomoides Ward, 1917 and Uteropolystomoides Tinsley, 2017. Parasite 29:56. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2022056

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coggins JR, Sajdak RA (1982) A survey of helminth parasites in the salamanders and certain anurans from Wisconsin. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 49:99–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Coloma LA, Ron S, Jungfer KH (2004a) Gastrotheca riobambae. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Coloma LS, Ron S, Castro F, Munoñoz-Yánez M, Lynch J, Wilkinson M (2004b) Caecilia pachynema. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Combes C (1967) Recherches sur les formes néoténiques de Polystomatidae (Monogenea). Présence d’une forme néoténique chez Polystoma gallieni Price, 1938. Bull Soc Neuchâtel Sci Natl 90:205–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Combes C (1968) Biologie, écologie des cycles et biogéographie de digènes et monogènes d’amphibiens dans l’est des Pyrénées. Mém Mus Natl Hist Nat Sér A Zool Fascicule unique:1–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Combes C (1976) World biogeography of polystomatid monogeneans. Acad Sci USSR Proc 34:55–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Combes C, Channing A (1978) Polystomatidae (Monogenea) d’amphibiens d’Afrique du Sud: Polystoma natalensis n. sp., parasite de Strongylopus grayi (Smith, 1849). Vie Milieu C 28–29:61–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Combes C, Laurent RF (1974) Polystoma borellii n. sp. (Monogenea, Polystomatidae) parasite of Pleurodema borellii Peracca (Anura, Leptodactylidae) en République Argentine. Acta Zool Lilloana 31:57–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Combes C, Laurent RF (1978) Deux nouveaux Polystomatidae (Monogenea) de l’Argentine. Acta Zool Lilloana 33:85–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Combes C, Laurent RF (1979) Les monogènes Polystomatidae de République Argentine: description de deux nouvelles espèces et essai de synthese. Rev Iber Parasitol 79:545–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Combes C, Bourgat R, Salami-Cadoux M-L (1973) Découverte d’un cycle interne direct intervenant comme mode habituel dans la reproduction d’un plathelminthe. C R Acad Sci Paris 276:2005–2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Combes C, Lambert A, Bourgat R, Salami-Cadoux M-L (1978) L’oncomiracidium de Eupolystoma alluaudi (de Beauchamp, 1913) monogène parasite de Bufo regularis Reuss en Afrique. Bull Mus Natl Hist Nat Série 3(514):211–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortez C, Reichle S, De La Riva I, Köhler J, Lavilla E (2004) Pleurodema borellii. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Cortez C, Reichle S, De La Riva I, Köhler J, Lavilla E (2010) Melanophryniscus rubriventris. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Crusz H, Ching CC (1975) Parasites of the relict fauna of Ceylon. VI. More new helminths from amphibians and reptiles with a new host-record and redescription of Acanthocephalus serendibensis Crusz and Mills, 1970. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 50:531–558

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Datong Y, Shunqing L (2004a) Babina pleuraden. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Datong Y, Shunqing L (2004b) Rana chaochiaoensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Datong Y, Shunqing L, Ohler A, Swan S (2004) Odorrana grahami. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • De Beauchamp PM (1913) Polystomum alluaudi n. sp. Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale (1911-1912). Resultats scientifiques, Turbellariés, Trématodes et Gordiacés 17–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diengdoh CR, Tandon V (1991) A new species of Polystoma (Monogenea) parasitic in rhacophorid amphibians in Meghalaya, India. Helminthologia 28:173–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Diesmos A, Alcala A, Brown R, Afuang L, Gee G, Sukumaran J, Yaakob N, Tzi Ming L, Chuaynkern Y, Thirakhupt K, Das I, Iskandar D, Inger R, Stuebing R, Yambun P, Lakim M (2004) Polypedates leucomystax. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Dollfus R-PH, Euzet L, Combes C (1965) Trématodes de batraciens (fin). Description d’un polystome. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 40:55–60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH (2011) Polystoma vernoni n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from the sharp nosed grass frog Ptychadena oxyrhynchus (Smith, 1849) in South Africa. J Helminthol 85:294–299

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH (2013) Polystomatidae (Monogenea) of southern African Anura: Polystoma channingi n.sp. parasitic in two closely related Cacosternum species. Afr Zool 48:64–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH (2015) Eupolystoma namibiensis n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) parasitic in Poyntonophrynus hoeschi (Ahl) of Namibia. Afr Zool 50:141–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Carruthers VC (2017) Frogs of Southern Africa: A complete guide. Penguin Randomhouse, Cape Town

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Domingues MV (2019) Polystoma knoffi n. sp. and Polystoma travassosi n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae): naming museum-archived specimens from Brazil. Syst Parasitol 96:755–765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Kok DJ (1992) Syntopic occurrence of new species of Polystoma and Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) in Ptychadena porosissima in South Africa. Syst Parasitol 22:141–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Kok DJ (1993) Polystomatidae (Monogenea) of Anura in southern Africa: Polystoma testimagna n. sp. parasitic in Strongylopus f. fasciatus (Smith, 1849). Syst Parasitol 25:213–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Kok DJ (1995) Polystomatidae (Monogenea) of southern African Anura: Polystoma claudecombesi n. sp. parasitic in Rana angolensis Bocage. Syst Parasitol 30:223–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Maritz MF (2006) Demonstrating morphometric protocols using polystome marginal hooklet measurements. Syst Parasitol 63:1–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Vaucher C, Mariaux J (2002) Polystomatidae (Monogenea) of African Anura. Polystoma dawiekoki n. sp. parasitic in Ptychadena anchietae (Bocage). Syst Parasitol 52:35–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Tinsley RC, De Sa R (2003) Polystomatidae (Monogenea) of Southern African Anura: Eupolystoma vanasi n. sp. parasitic in Schismaderma carens (Smith). Syst Parasitol 54:71–79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Verneau O, Gross TS (2007) Polystomatidae (Monogenea) of North American Anura: Polystoma floridana n. sp. parasitic in the Green Tree Frog Hyla cinerea (Schneider, 1799). Zootaxa 1663:33–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Wilkinson M, Huyse T (2008) The first record of polystomes (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from caecilian hosts (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), with the description of a new genus and two new species. Syst Parasitol 69:201–209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Raharivololoniaina L, Verneau O, Vences M (2010) A new genus of polystomatid parasitic flatworm (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) without free-swimming life stage from the Malagasy poison frogs. Zootaxa 2722:54–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Badets M, Verneau O (2014) Assessment of platyhelminth diversity within amphibians of French Guiana revealed a new species of Nanopolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) in the caecilian Typhlonectes compressicauda. Folia Parasitol 61:537–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez LH, Badets M, Héritier L, Verneau O (2017) Tracking platyhelminth parasite diversity from freshwater turtles in French Guiana: First report of Neopolystoma Price, 1939 (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) with the description of three new species. Parasit Vectors 10:53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-1986-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dupouy J (1978) Polystoma ebriensis Maeder, 1973 (ver monogène) parasite de l’amphibien anoure Ptychadena aequiplicata au Cameroun. Description de l’adulte. Rev Zool Afric 923:775–785

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupouy J, Combes C (1977) Existence d’un cycle interne de reproduction chez Polystoma grassei Euzet, Combes et Knoepffler, 1966 (Monogenea, Polystomatidae) en Afrique Equatoriale. Ann Sci Nat Zool Biol Anim 19:397–400

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupouy J, Knoepffler LP (1978) Polystoma chiromantis n. sp. (Monogenea) chez Chiromantis rufescens (Günther, 1868) du Cameroun, du Gabon et de Centrafrique. Bull Mus Natl Hist Nat 514:217–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutta M, Tandon V (1998) Morphology and surface fine topography of Parapolystoma bulliense (Johnston, 1912) Ozaki, 1935 (Polyopisthocotylea: Monogenea), a new record from the Indian subcontinent. Acta Parasitol:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer WG (1985) Riojatrema ecuadorensis n. sp. (Trematoda: Polystomatidae) from the urinary bladder of Bufo typhonius (Linnaeus, 1758). J Parasitol 71:215–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Euzet L, Combes C (1964) Sur un Polystomatidae (Monogenea) recolté à Madagascar chez Rana mascareniensis Duméril et Bibron. Bul Soc Zool Fr:392–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Euzet L, Combes C (1966) Polystoma integerrimum pelobatis n. subsp. (Monogenea) parasite de Pelobates cultripes (Cuvier, 1829). Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 41:109–118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Euzet L, Combes C (1967) Présence au Nord-Tchad de Eupolystoma alluaudi (de Beauchamp, 1913) (Monogenea, Polystomatidae). Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 4:403–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Euzet L, Combes C (1975) Présence au Maroc de Polystoma gallieni Price, 1939 (Monogenea) chez Hyla meridionalis Boettger, 1874. Misc Helminthol Maroccana 41:655–657

    Google Scholar 

  • Euzet L, Combes C, Knoepffler L-P (1966) Parasites d’amphibiens du Gabon Polystomatidae (Monogenea). Considérations sur la répartition géographique des Polystomatidae africains et malgaches actuellement connus. Biol Gabon 2:215–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Euzet L, Combes C, Knoepffler LP (1974a) Parasites d’amphibiens de la République Centrafricaine. Polystomatidae (Monogenea). Vie Milieu C 24:141–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Euzet L, Bourgat R, Salami-Cadoux ML (1974b) Polystoma galamensis (Monogenea) parasite de Rana galamensis Duméril et Bibron, 1841, au Togo. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 49:63–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Euzet L, Combes C, Batchvarov G (1974c) Sur un nouveau Polystomatidae européen, parasite de l’amphibien Bufo viridis Laur. Vie Milieu C 24:129–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan LX, Wang ZL, Li JH (2004) A new species of Polystoma (Polystomatidae: Monogenea) parasitic in Polypedates dugritei. Anim Classific J 29:451–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan XL, Pan H, Wang G (2006) A new species of the genus Polystoma (Polystomatidae: Monogenea) parasitic in Rana pleuraden Boulenger. Acta Zoot Sin 30:710–713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan LX, Wang ZL, Xu HJ (2007) A new species of the genus Polystoma (Polystomatidae: Monogenea) parasitic in Rana grahami Boulenger. Acta Zoot Sin 32:182–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan LX, Li JH, He ZY (2008) A new species of the genus Polystoma (Polystomatidae: Monogenea) parasitic in the host Rhacophorus carvirostris Guenther. Acta Zoot Sin 33:340–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan L, Xu W, Jia T, Netherlands EC, Du Preez LH (2020) Polystoma luohetong n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Rana chaochiaoensis Liu (Amphibia: Ranidae) in China. Syst Parasitol 97:639–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-020-09937-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng X, Ohler A. 2004 Xenophrys glandulosa. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Frandsen F (1974) A study of Danish amphibians parasite fauna. Acta Parasitol Pol 22:49–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Fröhlich JA (1791) Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewürme. Naturforscher, Halle 25:52–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost DR (2021) Amphibian species of the world: an online reference. Version 6. Electronic database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. https://doi.org/10.5531/db.vz.0001

  • Gallien L (1932) Sur la reproduction néoténique chez Polystomum integerrimum Fröl. C R Acad Sci Paris 194:1852

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallien L (1935) Recherches expérimentales sur le dimorphisme évolutif et la biologie de Polystomum integerrimum Fröl. Trav Stat Zool Wimereux 12:1–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallien L (1938) Sur un polystome parasite de Hyla arborea L. var. meridionalis Boettger. Bull Soc Zool Fr 63:251–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallien L (1947) Description de Polystomum gallieni E.-W. Price (Monogenea, Polystomatidae) parasite de Hyla arborea var. meridionalis Boettger. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 22:24–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallien L (1956) Deux espèces nouvelles de polystomes africains. Bull Soc Zool Fr 81:369–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao YY, Chen ZM, Fan LX (2012) A new species of the genus Polystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) parasitic in Hyla a. annectans. Acta Zoot Sin 37:529–534

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray ME (1993) Wetapolystoma almae n. gen., n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) parasite of Bufo typhonius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from Tropical Peru. Trans Kans Acad Sci 96:181–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammerson G (2004a) Eurycea tynerensis. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Hammerson G (2004b) Necturus maculosus. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Hammerson G (2004c) Hyla versicolor. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Hammerson G, Hedges B (2004) Hyla cinerea. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Hedges B, Diaz L, Ibene B, Joglar R, Powell R, Bolanos F, Chaves G (2010) Osteopilus septentrionalis. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Héritier L, Badets M, Du Preez LH, Aisien MS, Lixian F, Combes C, Verneau O (2015) Evolutionary processes involved in the diversification of chelonian and mammal polystomatid parasites (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Polystomatidae) revealed by palaeoecology of their hosts. Mol Phylogenet Evol 92:1–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Héritier L, Verneau O, Smith KG, Coetzer C, Du Preez LH (2018) Demonstrating the value and importance of combining DNA barcodes and discriminant morphological characters for polystome taxonomy (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea). Parasitol Int 67:38–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hero JM, Lemckert F, Robertson P, Mahony M (2004a) Litoria phyllochroa. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Hero JM, Cunningham M, Alford R, Mcdonald K, Retallick R (2004b) Litoria nyakalensis. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Hughes RC, Moore GA (1943) Sphyranura euryceae, a new polystomatid Monogenean fluke from Eurycea tynerensis. Trans Am Micros Soc 62:286–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imkongwapang R, Tandon V (2010) Neoriojatrema mokokchungensis n. g., n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae: Polystomatinae) from the urinary bladder of a megophryid frog, Xenophrys glandulosa, in Nagaland, north-eastern India. J Helminthol 84:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston SJ (1912) On some trematode parasites of Australian frogs. Proc Linn Soc New South Wales 37:285–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko Y, Matsui M. (2004a) Onychodactylus japonicus. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Kaneko Y, Matsui M (2004b) Rhacophorus schlegelii. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Kaneko Y, Matsui M (2004c) Rana japonica. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Kaneko Y, Matsui M (2004d) Rana ornativentris. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Kaw BL (1950) Studies in helminthology: Helminth parasites of Kashmir. Part I. Trematoda. Indian J Helminthol 2:67–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan MS, Stöck M, Papenfuss T, Anderson S, Kuzmin S, Rastegar-Pouyani N, Sharifi M, Bafti SS, Dutta S, Ohler A (2009) Pseudepidalea surda. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Kohn A, Combes C, Gomes DC (1978) Représentants du genre Polystoma Zeder (Monogenea) au Brésil. Bull Mus Natl Hist Nat 353:227–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Kok DJ, Du Preez LH (1989) Polystoma australis (Monogenea): Development and reproduction in neotenic parasites. S Afr J Zool 24:225–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Kok DJ, Du Preez LH (1998) The relative importance of bladder versus neotenic stages of Polystoma marmorati and P. umthakathi in natural frog populations in South Africa. J Helminthol 72:117–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kok DJ, Seaman MT (1987) Polystomatidae (Monogenea) parasitic in the anuran genus Natalobatrachus in South Africa. S Afr J Zool 22:258–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Kok DJ, Van Wyk JH (1986) Polystomatidae (Monogenea) parasitic in the anuran genus Kassina in South Africa. S Afr J Zool 21:189–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuangyang L, Wenhao C, Baorong G, Huiqing G, Haitao S, Van Dijk PP, Truong NQ (2009) Hylarana guentheri. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Kulo S-D (1981) Présence au Togo de Metapolystoma cachani (Gallien, 1957) Combes, 1976 (Monogenea) chez l’amphibien Ptychadena longirostris (Peters, 1870). Bull Soc Zool Fr 106:177–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuzmin S, Maslova I, Tuniyev B, Matsui M, Pipeng L, Kaneko Y (2004a) Pelophylax nigromaculatus. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Kuzmin S, Matsui M, Wenge Z, Ishchenko V, Ananjeva, N, Orlov N (2004b) Rana chensinensis. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Kuzmin S, Tarkhnishvili D, Ishchenko V, Ananjeva N, Orlov N, Tuniyev B, Sparreboom M, Ugurtas I, Rastegar-Pouyani N, Papenfuss T, Anderson S, Eken G, Kiliç T, Gem E, Kaya U (2009a) Rana macrocnemis. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Kuzmin S, Tarkhnishvili D, Ishchenko V, Tuniyev B, Beebee T, Anthony B, Schmidt, Ogrodowczyk A, Ogielska M, Babik W, Vogrin M, Loman J, Cogalniceanu D, Kovács T, Kiss I (2009b) Rana arvalis. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Kwet A, Reichle S, Aquino L, Silvano D, Lavilla E, Di Tada I (2010) Physalaemus biligonigerus. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Kwet A, Aquino L, Lavilla E, Di Tada I (2004) Hypsiboas pulchellus. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>.

  • La Marca E, Azevedo-Ramos C, Coloma LA, Ron S (2010a) Osteocephalus taurinus. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • La Marca E, Reynolds R, Azevedo-Ramos C, Mijares A, Señaris C (2010b) Osteocephalus leprieurii. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Lamothe-Argumedo R (1963) Trematodos de los Anfibios de Mexico. I. Sobre un nuevo genero de la familia Polystomatidae Gamble, 1896 hallado en la vejica urinaria de Tomadactylus amulae Günther y Bufo simus Schmidt. Rev Soc Mex Hist Nat 24:73–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamothe-Argumedo R (1973) Monogéneos de los anfibios de Mexico IV. Redescripcion de Neodiplorchis scaphiopi (Rodgers, 1941) Yamaguti 1963. An Inst Biol Univ Nac Auton Mexico 44:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamothe-Argumedo R (1976) Monogéneos de los anfibios de Mexico VI. Redescripcion de Polystoma naevius Caballero y Cerecero, 1941. An Inst Biol Univ Nac Auton Mexico 47:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamothe-Argumedo R (1985) Monogéneos de los anfibios de México VII. Hallazgo de Pseudodiplorchis americanus (Rodgers y Kuntz, 1940) Yamaguti, 1963 en baja California sur, México. An Inst Biol Univ Nac Auton Mexico 56:291–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Landman W, Verneau O, Du Preez LH (2018) First record of viviparity in polystomatid flatworms (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) with the description of two new species of Madapolystoma from the Madagascan anuran hosts Blommersia domerguei and Mantella expectata. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 7:343–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.004

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Landman WJ, Verneau O, Raharivololoniaina L, Du Preez LH (2021) First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wild 14:161–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landman W, Verneau O, Vences M, Du Preez L (2023) Metapolystoma ohlerianum n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Aglyptodactylus madagascariensis (Anura: Mantellidae). Acta Parasitol

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau MWN, Baorong G, Kuangyang L, Wenhao C (2004a) Hylarana latouchii. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. Www.IUCNredlist.Org.

  • Lau MWN, Wenhao C, Datong Y, Swan S, Bain R (2004b) Rhacophorus dugritei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Lavilla E (2004) Telmatobius oxycephalus. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>.

  • Lee DL (1936) On a new and a rare trematode. Contributions from the Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Peiping 3:123–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim LHS, Du Preez LH (2001) Sundapolystoma chalconotae n. g., n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Rana chalconota (Schlegel) of Peninsular Malaysia. Syst Parasitol 49:223–231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • López-Neyra CR (1952) Polystoma palancai n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae), parasita de la vejiga urinaria de la rana de San Anton. Rev Iber Parasitol 12:289–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Lymberakis P, Isailovic JC, Ajtic R, Vogrin M, Haxhiu I (2009) Rana graeca. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Macé E (1880) Des trématodes parasites des grenouilles. Bull Soc Etudes Scient Finèstere 2:61–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Macnae W, Rock L, Markowski M (1973) Platyhelminths from the South African clawed toad, or platanna (Xenopus laevis). J Helminthol 47:199–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maeder A-M (1973) Monogènes et trématodes parasites d’amphibiens en Côte d’Ivoire. Rev Suisse Zool 80:267–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maeder AM, Euzet L, Combes C (1970) Espèces nouvelles du genre Polystoma (Monogenea) en Afrique Occidentale. Z Parasitenkd 35:140–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAllister CT, Trauth SE, Hinck LW (1991) Sphyranura euryceae (Monogenea) on Eurycea spp. (Amphibia: Caudata), from Northcentral Arkansas. J Helminthol Soc W 58:137–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng YY, Song L, Ding XJ (2010) A new species of the genus Polystoma Monogenea, Polystomatidae parasitic in Polypedates mutus from Hainan Island, China. Acta Zoot Sin 35:842–845

    Google Scholar 

  • Meskal FH (1970) Trematodes of anurans from Ethiopia. Arbok for Universitetet i Bergen Matematik-Naturvitenskapelig Serie 1(1):1–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer MC, Olsen OW (1972) (1) Class Trematoda. (2) Preparation of specimens for study. In M.C.Brown (ed), Essentials of parasitology. Dubuque, Iowa. 1:37–45; 2:263–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Mijares A, Rodrigues MT, Baldo D (2010) Physalaemus cuvieri. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Murith D (1979) Identité des larves de polystomes (Monogenea) parasites du têtard de Dicroglossus occipitalis (Günther) en Côte-d’Ivoire. Z Parasitenkd 59:187–194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murith D (1981) Contribution à l’étude de la systématique des polystomes (Monogènes, Polystomatidae) parasites d’Amphibiens Anoures de basse Côte-d’Ivoire. Rev Suisse Zool 88:475–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murith D, Vaucher C, Combes C (1977) Coexistence de la néoténie et du cycle interne chez un Polystomatidae (Monogenea). C R Acad Sci Paris 284:187–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Murith D, Miremad-Gassmann M, Vaucher C (1978) Contribution à l’étude des polystomes d’amphibiens du Cameroun. Rev Suisse Zool 85:681–698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nasir P, Fuentes-Zambrano JL (1983) Algunos trematodos monogeneticos venezolanos. Riv Parassitol 44:335–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum R, Raxworthy C, Andreone F (2008) Guibemantis liber. In:IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Olsen OW (1974) Phylum Platyhelminthes. Animal parasites; their life cycles & ecology, vol 199–213, 3rd edn. University Park Press, London, pp 292–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozaki Y (1931) A new polystome trematode, Diplorchis ranae, gen. et. sp. n. Ann Mag Nat Hist Série 10(7):181–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozaki Y (1935) Studies on the frog - trematode Diplorchis ranae. I. Morphology of the adult form with review of the family Polystomatidae. J Sci Hiroshima Univ 3:193–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozaki WB (1948) A new trematode, Polystoma dendriticum from the urinary bladder of Onychodactylus japonicus in Shikoku. Biosphaera 2:33–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey KC (1969) Studies on monogenetic trematodes of India I. On a new species of the genus Eupolystoma Kaw, 1950 from Bufo sp. Proc Indian Nat Sci Acad 39:191–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Park JT (1938) An amphibian trematode, Polystoma integerrimum (Frölich, 1791), from Uchikongo, Korea. J Med 11:287–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul AA (1935) Polystoma integerrimum nearcticum n. subsp. from the urinary bladder, genital ducts, kidneys and gills of Hyla versicolor Le Conte. J Parasitol 21:442

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul AA (1938) Life history studies of North American freshwater polystomes. J Parasitol 24:489–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Vigueras I (1955) Contribucion al conocimiento de la fauna helmintologica cubana. Mem Soc Cub Hist Nat 22:21–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Pichelin S (1995) Parapolystoma johnstoni n. sp. from Litoria nyakalensis (Amphibia) in Australia and taxonomic considerations on the Diplorchiinae (Monogenea). J Parasitol 81:261–265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price EW (1939) North American monogenetic trematodes. IV. The family Polystomatidae (Polystomatoidea). Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 6:80–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Price EW (1943) A new trematode of the genus Polystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Xenopus laevis Daud. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 10:83–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard MH (1964) Notes on four helminths from the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis (Daudin), in South Africa. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 10:121–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Raharivololoniaina L, Verneau O, Berthier P, Vences M, Du Preez L (2011) First monogenean flatworm from a microhylid frog host: Kankana, a new polystome genus from Madagascar. Parasitol Int 60:465–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rödel MO, Schiøtz A (2004) Ptychadena superciliaris. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Rödel MO, Largen M, Burger M, Howell K, Salvador A, Lötters S, Joger U (2004) Hoplobatrachus occipitalis. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Rödel MO, Largen M, Minter L, Howell K, Nussbaum R, Vences M, Baha El Din S (2009a) Ptychadena mascareniensis. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Rödel MO, Amiet JL, Burger M, Largen M (2009b) Ptychadena aequiplicata. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Rodgers LO (1941) Diplorchis scaphiopi, a new polystomatid monogenean fluke from the spadefoot toad. J Parasitol 27:153–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers LO, Kuntz RE (1940) A new polystomatid monogenean fluke from a spadefoot. Wasmann Collect 4:37–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubtsova NY (2018) Redescription and variability of Polystoma mazurmovici and P. skuratovitchi (Monogenea, Polystomatidae), with a key to Polystoma from anurans of Ukraine. Vestn Zool 52:91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salami-Cadoux M-L (1975) Transmission et développement du monogène réno-vésical Eupolystoma alluaudi (de Beauchamp, 1913) Euzet et Combes, 1967. Bull Soc Zool Fr 100:283–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Salami-Cadoux M-L (1980) Contribution à l’étude de Polystoma africanum SZIDAT, 1932 (Monogenea, Polystomatidae). BIFAN 42:529–544

    Google Scholar 

  • Sales AN, Du Preez LH, Verneau O, Domingues MV (2023) Morphology and molecular characterization of Polystoma goeldii n. sp. (Monogenea, Polystomatidae) parasite from the urinary bladder of Physalaemus ephippifer (Steindachner) (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Parasitol Int 92:102685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2022.102685

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santos VGT, Amato SB (2012) Polystoma cuvieri (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) in Physalaemus cuvieri (Anura, Leiuperidae) in Southern Brazil. Neotrop Helminthol 6:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Saoud MFA (1967) On Polystoma prudhoei sp. nov. (Trematoda: Monogenea) from Rana (Ptychadena) oxyrhynchus in the Cameroons. J Helminthol 41:229–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott N, Aquino L, Angulo A (2004) Rhinella diptycha. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Shen J, Wang G, Fan LX (2013) A new species of the genus Polystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) parasitic in the tree frog Philautus palpebralis Smith. Acta Zoot Sin 38:765–772

    Google Scholar 

  • Shu-Yi Z, Suo L (1987) Three new monogenetic trematodes of the family Polystomatidae. Acta Zoot Sin 12:230–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinnappah ND, Lim LHS, Rohde K, Tinsley R, Combes C, Verneau O (2001) A paedamorphic parasite associated with a neotenic amphibian host: Phylogenetic evidence suggests a revised systematic position for Sphyranuridae within anuran and turtle Polystomatoineans. Mol Phylogenet Evol 18:189–201. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2000.0877

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solís F, Ibáñez R, Hammerson G, Hedges B, Diesmos A, Matsui M, Hero J, Richards S, Coloma L, Ron S, La Marca E, Hardy J, Powell R, Bolaños F, Chaves G, Ponce P (2009) Rhinella marina. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Solís S, Ibáñez R, Jaramillo C, Fuenmayor Q, Silvano D, Coloma LA, La Marca E, Ron S, Hoogmoed M (2010) Rhinella margaritifera. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Song L, Xiao Z, Ding XJ (2008) A new species of the genus Diplorchis (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) parasitic in Rana livida Blyth, 1855 from Hainan Island, China. Acta Zoot Sin 33:733–736

    Google Scholar 

  • Stunkard HW (1959) Induced gametogenesis in a monogenetic trematode, Polystoma stellai Vigueras, 1955. J Parasitol 45:389–394

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szidat L (1932) Parasiten aus Liberia and Französisch-Guinea. II Teil: Trematoden. Z Parasitenkd 4:506–521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tandy M, Rödel MO, Largen M, Poynton J, Lotters S, Baha S, Din E, Gerson (2004) Amietophrynus regularis. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Tinsley RC (1973) Observations on Polystomatidae (Monogenoidea) from East Africa with a description of Polystoma makereri n. sp. Z Parasitenkde 42:251–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley R (1974a) Observations on Polystoma africanum Szidat with a review of the inter-relationships of Polystoma species in Africa. J Nat Hist 8:355–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley RC (1974b) A redescription of Polystoma pricei Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 (Monogenoidea: Polystomatidae). Rev Zool Afric 88:165–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley RC (1978a) The morphology and distribution of Eupolystoma species (Monogenoidea) in Africa, with a description of E. anterorchis sp. n. from Bufo pardalis at the Cape. J Helminthol 52:291–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley RC (1978b) Oviposition, hatching and the oncomiracidium of Eupolystoma anterorchis (Monogenoidea). Parasitology 77:121–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley RC, Earle C (1983) Invasion of vertebrate lungs by the polystomatids monogeneans Pseudodiplorchis americanus and Neodiplorchis scaphiopodis. Parasitology 86:501–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley RC, Jackson JA (1998) Speciation of Protopolystoma Bychowsky, 1957 (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) in hosts of the genus Xenopus (Anura: Pipidae). Syst Parasitol 40:93–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley R, Measey J (2004) Xenopus pygmaeus. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Tinsley RC, Owen RW (1975) Studies on the biology of Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenoidea): The oncomiracidium and life-cycle. Parasitology 71:445–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley R, Measey J, Beier M (2004) Xenopus fraseri. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Tinsley R, Minter L, Measley J, Howell K, Veloso A, Nunez H, Romano A (2009) Xenopus laevis. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Uchida A, Itagaki H (1979) Studies on the amphibian helminths in Japan. VI. Pseudoxyascaris japonicus n.g. and n.sp. (Oxyascarididae; Nematoda) and Pseudopolystoma dendriticum (Monogenea; Trematoda) from a salamander. Jpn J Parasitol 28:43–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida A, Machida M, Uchida K, Itagaki H (1988) Studies on the amphibian helminths in Japan (X). Two new monogeneans, Polystoma ozakii n. sp. and P. ezoensis n. sp., and new locality and host of P. racophori. Bull Azabu Univ Vet Med 9:7–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaira M (2004) Population morphological variation of the monogenean Polystoma andinum, parasitic in Melanophryniscus rubriventris (Anura, Bufonidae). Acta Parasitol 49:281–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk PP, Iskandar D, Inger R (2004a) Rhacophorus nigropalmatus. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Van Dijk PP, Ohler A, Wai Neng Lau M, Haitao S, Datong Y (2004b) Polypedates mutus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Van Dijk PP, Truong NQ, Shunqing L, Datong Y (2004c) Feihyla palpebralis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Van Dijk PP, Ohler A, Datong Y, Shunqing L, Dutta S, Bordoloi S, Roy D (2004d) Hyla annectans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Van Dijk PP, Iskandar D., Inger R, Kusrini M (2009) Hylarana chalconota. In:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.

  • Van Niekerk S, Kok DJ, Seaman MT (1993) A new species of Polystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) parasitic in Hyperolius marmoratus (Anura: Hyperoliidae) in South Africa. Syst Parasitol 25:73–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vande Vusse FJ (1976) Parapolystoma crooki sp. n. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Rana magna in the Philippines. J Parasitol 62:552–555

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaucher C (1981) Mesopolystoma samiriensis n.gen, n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae): parasite de Osteocephalus taurinus Steindachner (Amphibia: Hylidae) en Amazonie péruvienne. Rev Suisse Zool 88:797–802

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaucher C (1983) Helminthes parasites du Paraguay V: Polystoma lopezromani Combes et Laurent, 1979 et utilisation d’une technique inédite d’observation des hamuli chez les Polystomatidae (Monogenea). Bull Soc Neuchâtel Sci Nat 106:101–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaucher C (1986) Helminthes parasites du Paraguay XIII: Polystoma diptychi n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae), parasite de Bufo diptychus Cope (Amphibia: Bufonidae). Bull Soc Neuchâtel Sci Nat 109:5–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaucher C (1987) Polystomes d’Equateur, avec description de deux nouvelles espèces. Bull Soc Neuchâtel Sci Nat 110:45–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaucher C (1990) Polystoma cuvieri n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae), a parasite of the urinary bladder of the leptodactylid frog Physalaemus cuvieri in Paraguay. J Parasitol 76:505–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vercammen-Grandjean PH (1960) Les Trématodes du lac Kivu Sud (Vermes.). Ann Mus R Afr Centrl Ser Quat Zool 5:1–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Verneau O, Bentz S, Sinnappah ND, Du Preez LH, Whittington I, Combes C (2002) A view of early vertebrate evolution inferred from the phylogeny of polystome parasites (Monogenea: Polystomatidae). Proc R Soc Lond Ser B: Biol Sci 269:535–543. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verneau O, Du Preez LH, Laurent V, Raharivololoniaina L, Glaw F, Vences M (2009) The double odyssey of Madagascan polystome flatworms leads to new insights on the origins of their amphibian hosts. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 276:1575–1583. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JB (1960a) The dimorphism of Polystoma integerrimum (Frölich) Rudolphi and its bearing on relationships within the Polystomatidae: Part I. J Helminthol 34:151–192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JB (1960b) The dimorphism of Polystoma integerrimum (Frölich) Rudolphi and its bearing on relationships within the Polystomatidae: Part II. J Helminthol 34:323–346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams MO (1969) On Polystoma africanum [Trematoda: Monogenea] from Bufo regularis in Sierra Leone. BIFAN 31:1071–1073

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright RR (1879) Contributions to American helminthology. Proc Canadian Inst 1:54–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright RR, Macallum AB (1887) Sphyranura osleri: A contribution to American helminthology. J Morphol 1:1–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguti S (1936) Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. P. 14. Amphibian Trematodes. Jpn J Zool 6:551–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguti S (1963) Systema Helminthum, IV Monogenea and Aspidocotylea. Interscience publishers, New York, London, p 699

    Google Scholar 

  • Yildirimhan HS, Ugurtas IH, Altunel FN (1997) An investigation on parasitic helminths of Rana macrocnemis Boulenger, 1885 (Uludag Frog). Turk J Zool 21:467–473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yildirimhan HS, Du Preez LH, Verneau O (2012) Polystoma nacialtuneli n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from the eastern spadefoot, Pelobates syriacus (Pelobatidae) in Turkey. J Helminthol 86:104–112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa N, Matsui M, Nishikawa K, Kim JB, Kryukov A (2008) Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the Japanese clawed salamander, Onychodactylus japonicus (Amphibia: Caudata: Hynobiidae), and its congener inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Mol Phylogenet Evol 49:249–259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S-Y, Long S (1987) Three new monogenetic trematodes of the family Polystomatidae. Acta Zoot Sin 12(3):230–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimkus BM, Lawson LP, Barej MF, Barratt CD, Channing A, Dash KM, Dehling JM, Du Preez L, Gehring PS, Greenbaum E, Gvoždík V (2017) Leapfrogging into new territory: How Mascarene Ridged Frogs diversified across Africa and Madagascar to maintain their ecological niche. Mol Phylogenet Evol 106:254–269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

du Preez, L.H., Landman, W.J., Verneau, O. (2023). Polystome Species of Amphibians. In: Polystomatid Flatworms . Zoological Monographs, vol 9. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35887-6_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics