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Ten Years of Intense Physical–Chemical, Geological and Biological Monitoring Over the Tagoro Submarine Volcano Marine Ecosystem (Eruptive and Degassing Stages)

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El Hierro Island

Part of the book series: Active Volcanoes of the World ((AVOLCAN))

Abstract

The shallow Tagoro submarine volcano monitoring represents a unique opportunity not only for improving our sparse understanding of submarine volcanic processes in specific scientific fields as physical and chemical oceanography or marine geology but also its interactions over the marine biology in one of the richest marine ecosystems in Europe. This chapter aims to summarize the most relevant physical–chemical, geological and biological changes that occurred in the marine ecosystem of El Hierro island, at the Marine Reserve Punta de La Restinga—El Mar de Las Calmas, due to the genesis of the new underwater volcano Tagoro (27º37′07″N–017º59′28″W) in October 2011. During the first six months of the eruption, extreme physical–chemical perturbations caused by this event, comprising thermal increase from up to + 18.8 °C, water acidification with a pH decrease of 2.9 units, deoxygenation to anoxic levels and extremely high metal enrichment among others, resulted in significant and dramatic alterations of the marine ecosystem. After March 2012, once the eruptive phase was finished, the new submarine volcano entered an active hydrothermal phase involving the release of heat with smaller but still significant and important thermal anomalies of up to + 2.55 °C around the craters, density decrease of − 1.43 kg m−3, pH decrease of − 1.25 units, and high concentrations of metals and inorganic nutrients similar to upwelling zones. These enrichments are still active up to date, producing clear signs of marine recovery not only in the benthonic strata but also in the whole water column compared with pre-eruptive data. Since its eruption ten years ago, an unprecedented monitoring effort has turned into the longest and most complete multidisciplinary time-series for the study of a shallow submarine volcano, with the realization of 31 oceanographic multidisciplinary expeditions that systematically measure more than 40 different physical–chemical and biological variables. All this information and the results obtained during the evolution of the process could serve as a baseline for better understanding future or similar submarine eruptions worldwide.

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Acknowledgements

This ten years monitoring program over Tagoro submarine volcano has been possible thanks to the funding of several institutions and organizations: (i) Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España (MINECO) and FEDER through VULCANO-I (CTM2012-36317), VULCANO-II (CTM2014-51837-R), CETHOBATH (CGL2009-1311218), EXPLORA-CIENCIA (CGL2014- 61775-EXP), ECOFEMA (CTM2010-19517), EACFe (CTM2014-52342-P) projects. (ii) The Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO-CSIC) through BIMBACHE (IEO-2011-2012), RAPROCAN-III (IEO-2010-2012), VULCANA-I (IEO-2015- 2017), VULCANA-II (IEO-2018-2020) and VULCANA-III (IEO-CSIC-2021-2023) projects. (iii) Special funding from IEO-CSIC for the use of the ROV Liropus 2000 in several cruises. (iv) Fundación Caja-Canarias through CYCLOVENT (2019SP18) project. (v) The European project CARBOCHANGE-264879. We would also like to thank the extraordinary collaboration with the Secretaría General de Pesca (MAPA) from the Spanish Ministry, Cabildo de El Hierro, Ayuntamiento de El Pinar, Marine Reserve of La Restinga-Mar de las Calmas, SASEMAR, and every single person in El Hierro island without its help and support, this long monitoring would never have been carried out. Finally, the authors are grateful to Pablo González, editor of this book, for his support during the writing process.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 38180, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

    Eugenio Fraile-Nuez, Alba González-Vega, Carmen Presas-Navarro, José Escánez-Pérez, Marcos González-Porto, Anna Olivé-Abelló, Beatriz Vinha & Jesús M. Arrieta

  2. Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35250, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

    J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Melchor González-Dávila, Carolina Santana-González, Francisco Eugenio, Javier Marcello & Santiago Hernández-León

  3. Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 29640, Fuengirola, Spain

    Juan Tomás Vázquez, Isabel Ferrera, José L. Rueda, Olga Sánchez-Guillamón & Desirée Palomino

  4. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, ICM-CSIC, 08003, Barcelona, Spain

    Ana Sotomayor-García & Anna Olivé-Abelló

  5. Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Bologna BO, Italy

    Evangelos Bakalis

  6. Centro Oceanográfico de Madrid, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28080, Madrid, Spain

    María Gómez-Ballesteros & Olvido Tello

  7. Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain

    Antonio M. Álvarez-Valero

  8. Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 07015, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    María Luz Fernández de Puelles

  9. Dipartimento di Scienze E Tecnologie Biologiche Ed Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy

    Beatriz Vinha

  10. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35250, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

    Alba González-Vega & Francisco Machín

  11. Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

    Juan Pablo Martín-Díaz

Authors
  1. Eugenio Fraile-Nuez
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  2. J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano
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  3. Melchor González-Dávila
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  4. Alba González-Vega
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  8. Carolina Santana-González
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  12. Evangelos Bakalis
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  14. María Gómez-Ballesteros
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  15. Antonio M. Álvarez-Valero
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eugenio Fraile-Nuez .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Volcanology Research Group, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain

    Pablo J. González

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Fraile-Nuez, E. et al. (2023). Ten Years of Intense Physical–Chemical, Geological and Biological Monitoring Over the Tagoro Submarine Volcano Marine Ecosystem (Eruptive and Degassing Stages). In: González, P.J. (eds) El Hierro Island. Active Volcanoes of the World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35135-8_8

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