Abstract
Article 3 of the Treaty of Waitangi, signed by Māori leaders and the British Crown in 1840, stated that Māori would enjoy “all the rights and privileges of British subjects.” This new citizenship of a British colony was laid over the top of Māori forms of social organisation and understandings of nationhood and citizenship. The Aotearoa New Zealand state has struggled to come to terms with Indigenous forms of citizenship and over time has changed its approach to Māori citizenship to try to address this. The chapter considers the nature of Māori citizenship today in the era of Treaty of Waitangi settlements, exploring how citizenship in this period of transitional justice is informed by political, social, and justice dimensions of conceptions of Māori citizenship over time.
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Notes
- 1.
Angela Ballara, Iwi: The Dynamics of Māori Tribal Organisation from c. 1769 to c. 1945 (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1998), 17.
- 2.
Ibid., 279.
- 3.
Louise Humpage, “Revision Required: Reconciling New Zealand Citizenship with Māori Nationalisms,” National Identities 10 (2008): 251.
- 4.
John Wallace, John Darwin, Kenneth Keith, Richard Mulgan, and Whetumarama Wereta, Report—Royal Commission on the Electoral System: Towards a Better Democracy (December 1986).
- 5.
Vincent O’Malley, “English Law and the Māori Response: a case study from the Runanga system in Northland, 1861–65,” Journal of the Polynesian Society 116 (2007): 7.
- 6.
Alan Ward, “Law and law-enforcement on the New Zealand frontier, 1840–1893,” New Zealand Journal of History 5, 2 (1971): 128.
- 7.
Judith Binney, “Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki” in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Te Ara—the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Available: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/1t45/te-kooti-arikirangi-te-turuki.
- 8.
Humpage, “Revision Required,” 252.
- 9.
Waitangi Tribunal, Te Whānau o Waipareira Report (Wellington: GP Publications, 1998).
- 10.
Waitangi Tribunal, Whaia te Mana Motuhake—In Pursuit of Mana Motuhake: Report on the Māori Community Development Act (Wellington: Waitangi Tribunal, 2014).
- 11.
Māmari Stephens, “A Loving Excavation: Uncovering the Constitutional Culture of the Māori Demos,” New Zealand Universities Law Review 25, 4 (2013): 820–843.
- 12.
Waitangi Tribunal, Te Whanau o Waipareira Report (Wellington: GP publications, 1998), 6.
- 13.
Ibid., 6.
- 14.
Ibid., 14.
- 15.
Ibid.
- 16.
Ibid.
- 17.
Ibid.
- 18.
Ibid.
- 19.
Ibid., 218.
- 20.
New Zealand Law Commission, Māori Custom and Values in New Zealand Law (Wellington, 2001).
- 21.
Kirsty Gover, Tribal Constitutionalism: States, Tribes and the Governance of Membership (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
- 22.
John Borrows, Canada’s Indigenous Constitution (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010), 23–58.
- 23.
For further discussion of the issues confronted by Indigenous peoples in terms of the institutional supremacy of the nation-state, see Bruce Duthu, Shadow Nations: Tribal Sovereignty and the Limits of Legal Pluralism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
- 24.
Hon. Justice Joseph Williams, “Property or interests, private or public?,” Administrative Law Intensive (Wellington: New Zealand Law Society, 2011).
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We are extremely thankful to the editor of this collection, Jatinder Mann, for his detailed feedback and helpful suggestions on our chapter.
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Jones, C., Linkhorn, C. (2023). “All the Rights and Privileges of British Subjects”: Māori and Citizenship in Aotearoa New Zealand. In: Mann, J. (eds) Citizenship in Transnational Perspective. Politics of Citizenship and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34358-2_7
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