Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Context of Friendship: From Aristotle to Facebook

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Theological Perspectives on Reimagining Friendship and Disability

  • 60 Accesses

Abstract

Besides this discourse mayor interest is in theological reflection on friendship and disability, the interrogation of what friendship is and how its classic framework differs from modern and contemporary approaches will be the specific task of this chapter.

In this regard the selection of classic authors includes Aristotle and New Testament scholarship, whereas the mainstream modern and contemporary scholarship on friendship includes the analysis of academic fields of philosophy, sociology, and theology. The selection of these approaches and perspectives is merely because not only were they among the most cited within scope of theology and moral philosophy, but they were also among the most challenging to the disability discourse on friendship. After the presentation of the main aspect of the classical approaches to friendship, the chapter outlines the main ideas and approaches of the modern and contemporary comprehension of friendship and looks at how such a conception of friendship is divergent from or congruent with the previously mentioned classical authors. The chapter will complete by examination and assessment of late modern friendship, including one of the greatest virtual social media platforms: “Facebook.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    As a source of refernece to Scriptural text on English, I will use New Revised Standard Version of the Bible (NRSV), 1989. The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version (1989). Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/New-Revised-Standard-Version-NRSV-Bible/#copy

  2. 2.

    Although Aristotle treatise on friendship appears in part in Eudemian Ethics, Magna Moralia and in Politics, according to certain contemporary analyists of greek antiquity his main tretment of friendship has prominent place in Nicomachean Ethics. See Mulgan, R. (2000). The Role of Friendhsip in Aristotle’s Political Theory. In The challenge to Friendship in modernity, ed. King P. & Devere, H., 115. Ilford: FrankCass & Co. Ltd.

  3. 3.

    The Greek terminology for physical deformities includes words such as maimed (peros); much-maimed (anaperos) or ugliness (aischos). These terms when attached to person due to some physical deformity, exclude person’s from a full participation in community of polis.

  4. 4.

    Besides Nussbaum and Pakaluk are here mentioned as contemporary commentators on Aristotle, they have minimally treated Aristotle’s concept of philia. A few others contemporary commentaries in edition of edited books and scholarly articles includes: Sorabji, R. ed. (1990). Aristotle Transformed: The Ancient Commentators and their Influence. London: Duckworth; Sorabji, R. ed. (2016). Aristotle Re–interpreted: New Findings on Seven Hundred Years of the Ancient Commentators. London: Bloomsbury Publishing; Tracy, T. (1979). Perfect Friendship in Aristotle’s ‘Nicomachean Ethics. Illinois Classical Studies 4: 65–75; Walker, A. D. M. (1979). Aristotle’s Account of Friendship in the ‘Nicomachean Ethics. Phronesis 24 (2): 180–96; Cooper, J.M. (1977). Aristotle on the Forms of friendship. The Review of Metaphysics, 30 (4), 644; Cooper, J.M. (1977). Friendship and the Good in Aristotle. The Philosophical Review, 86 (3): 290–315. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183784; Sherman, N. (1987). Aristotle on Friendship and the Shared Life. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 47 (4): 589–613; Cocking, D. (2014). Aristotle, Friendship and Virtue. Revue Internationale de Philosophie 68, 267 (1): 83–90; Biss, M. (2011). Aristotle on friendship and self-knowledge: the friend beyond the mirror. History of Philosophy Quarterly 28 (2): 125–40, etc.

  5. 5.

    It is important to emphasize that the contemporary idea of flourishing is associated with the idea of quality of life often understood as a subjective element of well-being. According to few contemporary scholars, the idea of happiness in ancient world and in modernity differ, as the idea of quality of life in modernity has been influenced by the philosophy of Jeremy Bentham’s notion of happiness understood as pleasure, whereas the idea of happiness in antiquity was aligned with the meaning of contemplation. See for instance Nussbaum, M. (1989). Fragility of Goodness—Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. Also, Annas, J. (1995). The Morality of Happiness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  6. 6.

    In Cooper’s analysis on moral virtues, “virtues are essential properties of humankind: a person realizes more or less fully his human nature as he possesses more or less fully those properties of character which count as moral excellences.” (Cooper, 1977, p. 635). In such regard the virtue is perceived as an interior essence and quality that is embedded within a person’s character.

References

  • Amado, A. N. (Ed.). (1993). Friendships and Community Connections Between People with and without Developmental Disabilities. Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Annas, J. (1995). The Morality of Happiness. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M. (2001). The psychology of happiness (2nd ed.). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aristotle. (1915). Aristotle and W. D. Ross. Magna Moralia. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aristotle. (2011). Robert C. Bartlett & Susan D. Collins, Eds. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aristotle. (2013a). Lockwood, T. Ed. Aristotle’s Politics. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aristotle. (2013b). In B. Inwod & R. Woolf (Eds.), The Eudemian Ethics. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Backstrom, J. (2007). The Fear of Openness: An Essay on Friendship and the Roots of Morality. Abo Akademi University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badhwar, K. N. (1993). Friendship: A Philosophical Reader. Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargh, J. A., & McKenna, K. Y. A. (2004). The Internet and Social Life. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 573–590. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141922

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, C. L., & Becker, C. B. (Eds.). (1992). Encyclopedia of Ethics. St. James Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, S., & Coleman, S. (Eds.). (1999). The Anthropology of Friendship. Berg Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biss, M. (2011). Aristotle on Friendship and Self-knowledge: The Friend Beyond the Mirror. History of Philosophy Quarterly, 28(2), 125–140. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23032377

    Google Scholar 

  • Blatterer, H. (2015). Friends, Friendship, and Sociology. In Everyday Friendships. Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Family and Intimate Life. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, L. A. (1980). Friendship, Altruism and Morality. Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bricout, J. C., & Baker, P. M. A. (2010). Leveraging Online Social Networks for People with Disabilities in Emergency Communications and Recovery. International Journal of Emergency Management, 7(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2010.03204499999

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruckman, A. (1992). Identity Workshop: Emergent Social and Psychological Phenomena in Text-Based Virtual Reality. Unpublished Manuscript. : MIT Media Laboratory. http://media.mit.eduinpub/MediaMOO/Papers/identity-workshop

  • BusinessofApps. (2023). Facebook (Meta) Statistics. Retrieved March 1, 2023, from https://www.businessofapps.com/

  • Caluori, D. (2013). Thinking about Friendship. Historical and Contemporary Philosophical Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Canto-Sperber, M. (Ed.). (1966). Dictionnaire D’Ethique et de Philosophie Morale. Presses Universitaires de France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceslas Spicq. (1994). James D. Ernest (Ed. & Trans.). Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. Hendrikson Publishers, Peabody.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick, R. (1998). Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (Vol. III). Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappell, A. L. (1994). A Question of Friendship: Community Care and the Relationships of People with Learning Difficulties. Disability & Society, 9(4), 419–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, G. (2006). Does Aristotle’s Polis Exist ‘By Nature? History of Political Thought, 27(4), 563–585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicero, M. (–44). On Friendship (De Amicitia). Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocking, D. (2014). Aristotle, Friendship and Virtue. Revue Internationale de Philosophie 68, 267(1), 83–90. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24776785

  • Cocking, D., & Oakley, J. (1995). Indirect Consequentialism, Friendship, and the Problem of Alienation. Ethics, 106(1), 86–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. (2004). Social Relationship and Health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comensoli, A. P. (2018). In God’s Image: Recognizing the Profoundly Impaired as Persons. Cascade Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. M. (1977a). Aristotle on the Forms of Friendship. The Review of Metaphysics, 30(4), 619-648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. M. (1977b). Friendship and the Good in Aristotle. The Philosophical Review, 86(3), 290–315. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Culpepper, R. A., & Black, C. C. (Eds.). (1996). Exploring the Gospel of John: In Honor of D. Moody Smith. Westminster John Knox.

    Google Scholar 

  • Culy, M. C. (2010). Echoes of Friendship in the Gospel of John. Sheffield Phoenix.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danezis, G., & Golle, P. (Eds.). (2006). Privacy Enhancing Technologies. In 6th International Workshop, PET 2006, Cambridge, UK, June, 28–30, 2006, Revised Selected Papers. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Graaff, G. (2014). Politics in Friendship: A Theological Account. T&T Clark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derrida, J. (1978). Writing and Difference. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derrida, J. (2005). Politics of Friendship (G. Collins, Trans.). Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, R. I. M. (2016). Do Online Social Media Cut Through the Constraints That Limit the Size of Offline Social Networks? Royal Society Open Science, 3. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150292

  • Dunbar, R. I. M., Duncan, N. D. C., & Nettle, D. (1995). Size and Structure of Freely Forming Conversational Groups. Human Nature, 6(1), 67–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, E., & McVilly, K. (2004). Friendship Activities of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities in Supported Accommodation in Northern England. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17(3), 191–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fee, D. G. (1995). Paul’s Letter to the Philippians, New International Commentary on the New Testament. Eerdmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, J. T. (2007). Christian Friendship: John, Paul and the Philippians. Interpretation, 61(3), 284–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forrester-Jones, R., et al. (2006). The Social Networks of People with Intellectual Disability Living in the Community 12 Years after Resettlement from Long-Stay Hospitals. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19(4), 285–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2006.00263.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, D. N., & Herion, G. A. (Eds.). (1992). The Anchor Bible Dictionary, s.v. “Body”. Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M. (1989). Friendship and Moral Growth. Journal of Value Inquiry, 23(1), 3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M. (1994). What Are Friends For? Feminist Perspectives on Personal Relationships and Moral Theory. Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furley, D. J., & Nehamas, A. (Eds.). (1994). Aristotle’s Rhetoric. Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, A. (1989). Friendship: Developing a Sociological Perspective. Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, A. (1998). Friendship, Sociology and Social Structure. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(5), 685–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407598155007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haller, B. A. (2010). Representing Disability in an Ableist World: Essays on Mass Media. The Advocado Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haraguchi, T. (2014). Philia and Agape: The Theme of Friendship in the Gospel of John. Asia Journal of Theology, 28(2), 250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauerwas, S., & Charles, P. (1997). Christians Among the Virtues: Theological Conversation with Ancients and Modern Ethics. University of Notre Dame Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, M. (2011). Emotional Reflexivity in Contemporary Friendships: Understanding It Using Elias and Facebook Etiquette. Sociological Research Online. https://doi.org/10.5153/Fsro.2292

  • Hughes, J. G. (2001). Aristotle on Ethics. Routledge Philosophy Guide Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Congress of the European Society for Catholic Theology. (2017). Le défi de la fraternité. https://sites.google.com/site/congresaetcfrance/programme

  • Jeske, D. (1997). Friendship, Virtue, and Impartiality. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 57(1), 51–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • John, F. F. (1997). Greco-Roman Perspectives on Friendship. Scholars Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I. (1983, Trans.). The Metaphysical Principles of Virtue. In James W. Ellington (Trans.), Ethical Philosophy. Hackett.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keener, C. S. (2014). The Ivp Bible Background Commentary: New Testament (2nd ed.). InterVarsity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kierkegaard, S. (1995). Works of Love (V. H. Hong & H. E. Hong, Trans. and Eds.). Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, P., & Devere, H. (2000). Challenge to Friendship in Modernity. Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konstan, D. (1997). Friendship in the Classical World. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Krotzl, C., Mustakallio, K., & Kuuliala, J. (2015). Infirmity in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Social and Cultural Approaches to Health, Weakness and Care. Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laes, C., Goodey, C., Lynn Rose, M., & M. (Eds.). (2013). Disabilities in Roman Antiquity: Disparate Bodies a capite ad calcem. Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lea, M., O’Shea, T., Fung, P., & Spears, R. (1992). ‘Flaming’ in Computer-Mediated Communication: Observations, Explanations and Implications. In M. Lea (Ed.), Contexts of Computer-Mediated Communication (pp. 89–112). Harvester-Wheatsheaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemoine, L., Gaziaux, E., & Müller, D. (2013). Dictionnaire Encyclopédique D’Ethique Chretienne. Les Editions du Cerf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinas, E. (1969). Totality and Infinity. An Essay on Exteriority (L. Alphonso Trans.). Duquesne University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. S. (1960). The Four Loves. Harvest Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luftig, R. L. (1988). Assessment of the Perceived School Loneliness and Isolation of Mentally Retarded and Nonretarded Students. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 92(5), 472–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lunsky, Y. (2006). Individual Differences in Interpersonal Relationships for Persons with Mental Retardation. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 31, 117–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, S. (2005). Philosophy and Friendship. Edinburgh University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, A. (2007). After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (3rd ed.). University of Notre Dame Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackelprang, R. W., & Salsgiver, R. O. (1996). People with Disabilities and Social Work: Historical and Contemporary Issues. Social Work, 41, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/41.1.7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R. P., & Davids, P. H. (1997). Dictionary of the Later New Testament and its Developments. A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. InterVarsity Press Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matera, F. J. (2012). God’s Saving Grace—A Pauline Theology. Eerdmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, M. A. (1964). Friends and Friendship for St. Augustine. Alba House.

    Google Scholar 

  • McVilly, K. R., Stancliffe, R. J., Parmenter, T. R., & Burton-Smith, R. M. (2006a). Self-Advocates Have the Last Say on Friendship. Disability & Society, 21(7), 693–708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McVilly, K. R., Stancliffe, R. J., Parmenter, T. R., & Burton-Smith, R. M. (2006b). ‘I Get by with a Little Help from My Friends’: Adults with Intellectual Disability Discuss Loneliness. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19(2), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2005.00261.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meilaender, G. (1981). Friendship: A study in Theological Ethics. Notre Dame University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merle, J.-C., & Schumacher, B. N. (Eds.). (2005). L’amitie – collection ‘Ethique et philosophie Morale. Presses Universitaires de France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, C. A. (1997). Greet the Friends by Name: New Testament Evidence for the Greco-Roman Topos on Friendship. In J. T. Fitzgerald (Ed.), Greco-Roman Perspectives on Friendship (pp. 225–262). Scholars Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moltmann, J. (1977). The Church in the Power of the Spirit. Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moltmann, J. (1981, Trans.). The Trinity and the Kingdom of God. SCM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montaigne, M. (2004). On Friendship (M. A. Screech, Trans.). Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. (2009). Acquaintances: The Space Between Intimates and Strangers. McGraw Hill Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. (1987). Anonymity Is Part of the Magic: Individual Manipulation of Computer-Mediated Communication Contexts. Qualitative Sociology, 10, 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. G. (1993). Social Psychology (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. G. (2000). The Funds, Friends and Faith of Happy People. American Psychologist, 55, 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nehamas, A. (2016). On friendship. Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum, M. (1986). Fragility of Goodness—Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. University of Cambridge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakaluk, M. (1991). Other Selves—Philosophers on Friendship. Hackett Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakaluk, M. (2005). Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Parks, M. R., & Floyd, K. (1996). Making Friends in Cyberspace. Journal of Communication, 46(1), 80–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01462.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price, A. W. (1989). Love and Friendship in Plato and Aristotle. Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralph, P. M., & Davids, P. H. (Eds.). (1997). Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments. InterVarsity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawlins, W. K. (2009). The Compass of Friendship: Narratives, Identities and Dialogues. Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rawlins, W. K. (2017). Friendship Matters: Communication, Dialectics, and the Life Course. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reimer Greig, J. (2015). Reconsidering Intellectual Disability: L’Arche, Medical Ethics and Christian Friendship. Georgetown University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Reinders, H. (2008). Receiving the Gift of Friendship: Profound Disability, Theological Anthropology and Ethics. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, W. D. (1951). The Basic Works of Aristotle. R. Mckeon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (Eds.). (2001). Emotion, Social Relationships, and Health. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195145410.001.0001

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzenbach, S. A. (2009). On Civic Friendship: Including Women in the State. Columbia University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J., & Marshall, G. (2009). The Oxford Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being. Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seneca, L. A. (author), & Robin, C. (Trans.). (1969). Letters from a Stoic: Epistulae Morales Ad Lucilium. Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, N. (1987). Aristotle on Friendship and the Shared Life. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 47(4), 589–613. https://doi.org/10.2307/2107230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shpigelman, C. N., & Gill, C. J. (2014). Facebook Use by Persons with Disabilities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(3), 610–624. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. L. (2003). Aristotle and the Philosophy of Friendship. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorabji, R. (Ed.). (1990). Aristotle Transformed: The Ancient Commentators and their Influence. Duckworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorabji, R. (Ed.). (2016). Aristotle Re–interpreted: New Findings on Seven Hundred Years of the Ancient Commentators. Bloomsbury Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, L., & Pahl, R. (2006). Rethinking Friendship: Hidden Solidarities Today. Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2023). Friendship. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/friendship/

  • Sticker, J. (1999). History of Disability. The University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocker, M. (1981). Values and Purposes: The Limits of Teleology and the Ends of Friendship. Journal of Philosophy, 78(12), 747–765.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers, S. (2011). Friendship: Exploring Its Implication for the Church in Postmodernity. T&T Clark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinton, J. (2000a). From Bedlam to Shalom: Towards a Practical Theology of Human Nature, Interpersonal Relationships, and Mental Health Care. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinton, J. (2000b). Resurrecting the Person. Friendship and the Care of People with Mental Health Problems. Abingdon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinton, J. (2016). Becoming Friends of Time. Disability, Timefullness, and Gentle Discipleship. Baylor University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taraszow, T., Aristodemon, E., Shitta, G., et al. (2010). Disclosure of Personal and Contact Information by Young People in Social Networking Sites: An Analysis Using Facebook Profiles as an Example. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 6(1), 81–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Telfer, E. (1971). XIII—Friendship. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 71(1), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.1093/aristotelian/71.1.223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. C. (2014, 2nd edition). Footwashing in John 13 and the Johannine Community. CPT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tracy, T. (1979). Perfect Friendship in Aristotle’s ‘Nicomachean Ethics. Illinois Classical Studies, 4, 65–75. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23061134

    Google Scholar 

  • Treanor, D. (2014). Disability, Critical Thinking & Personalism. Appraisal, 10(2), 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treanor, D. (2020). Intellectual Disability and Social Policies of Inclusion: Invading Consciousness Without Permeability, Research and Practice in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernon, M. (2005). The Philosophy of Friendship. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Villa, D. R. (2000). In D. Villa (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt (pp. 1–22). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521641985.001

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Viluckiene, J. (2015). The Relationship between Online Social Networking and Offline Social Participation among People with Disability in Lithuania. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 185, 453–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wadell, P. J. (1989). Friendship and the Moral Life. University of Notre Dame Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. D. M. (1979). Aristotle’s Account of Friendship in the ‘Nicomachean Ethics. Phronesis, 24(2), 180–196. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4182066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., & Lee, A. C. (1992). On Traits and Temperament: General and Specific Factors of Emotional Experience and Their Relation to the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 441–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, C. (1992). Christian Friendship in the Fourth Century. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. (1999). Friendship: Ancient and Modern. International Philosophical Quarterly, 39(1), 19–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, W. H. (1987). Egoists, Consequentialists, and Their Friends. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 16(1), 73–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willmott, P., & Policy Studies Institute. (1987). Friendship Networks and Social Support. Policy Studies Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, S. (2017). Friendship Traditions in the New Testament. Pacifica: Australasian Theological Studies, 29(2), 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, N. T. (2004). Paul for Everyone: 1 Corinthians. Westminster John Knox.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yalom, M., & Brown, D. T. (2015). The Social Sex: A History of Female Friendship. Harper Perennial.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

    Martina Vuk

Authors
  1. Martina Vuk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Vuk, M. (2023). The Context of Friendship: From Aristotle to Facebook. In: Theological Perspectives on Reimagining Friendship and Disability. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33816-8_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation