Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Appendicitis: Somatic and Visceral Nerve Reflexes Signs: Mechanisms and Pathophysiologic Approach in Acute and Chronic Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Gastrointestinal Eponymic Signs

  • 104 Accesses

Abstract

Appendicitis is an acute or chronic inflammatory condition of the vermiform appendix. It is a common cause of acute abdominal pain, particularly in children and young adults. Patients present with various subjective and objective symptoms depending on the stage and severity of the disease. Prior to the advent of advanced imagining techniques, the diagnosis was entirely clinically based, prompting physicians to devise a variety of maneuvers, eponymously named as a “sign” to honor their contribution as a method of diagnosis. These maneuvers involved the activation of visceral and somatic nerve pathways causing sensory and motor phenomena. Seventy-four eponymously named signs are ascribed to acute, subacute, and chronic appendicitis. A thorough understanding of the principles, mechanisms, techniques, and pathophysiologic processes allows clinicians to account for the location of the disease, pain, and characteristics finding involving the abdominal wall, iliopsoas, and obturator muscles. These features further help support, in addition to the patient’s history, the clinical diagnosis of this disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Sherman R. Abdominal pain. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworth; 1990. p. 443–7.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fernelii I. Universa Medicina. Parisiis: Apud Andream Wechelum; 1554.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Fitz RH. Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix: with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment. Philadelphia: Wm. J. Dornan; 1886.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Tzortzopoulou AK, Giamarelou P, Tsolia M, Spyridis N, Vakaki M, Passalides A, et al. The jumping up (J-up) test: making the diagnosis of acute appendicitis easier in children. Glob Pediatr Health. 2019;6:1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Eid MM, Al-Kaisy M. The utility of the speed bump sign for diagnosing acute appendicitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38:1551–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sylvester CH, Rocheleau WF. McBurney, Charles. In: The new practical reference library, vol. 3. Chicago: The Dixon-Hanson Company; 1908. p. 451.

    Google Scholar 

  7. [No author]. Charles McBurney (1845–1913): point, sign, and incision. JAMA. 1966;197:1098–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. [No author]. Death: Charles McBurney, MD. JAMA. 1913;61:1826–7.

    Google Scholar 

  9. McBurney C. Removal of biliary calculi from the common duct by the duodenal route. Ann Surg. 1898;28:481–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. McBurney C. The use of rubber gloves in operative surgery. Ann Surg. 1898;28:108–19.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. McBurney C. Dislocation of the humerus complicated by fracture at or near the surgical neck, with a new method of reduction. Ann Surg. 1894;19:399–415.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. McBurney C. The incision made in the abdominal wall in cases of appendicitis, with a description of a new method of operating. Ann Surg. 1894;20:38–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. McBurney C. Operations for pyloric stenosis. Ann Surg. 1886;3:372–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. McBurney C. Surgery: on a method of operation for the radical cure of inguinal hernia. In: Braithwaite J, editor. The retrospect of practical medicine and surgery. New York: W.A. Townsend; 1890. p. 184.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Johnson AB. Charles McBurney, MA, MD. NY Med J. 1913;998:978–9.

    Google Scholar 

  16. McBurney C. Experience with early operative interference in cases of disease of the vermiform appendix. NY Med J. 1889;50:676–84.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Traube L. Entzündung des Bindegewebes und des Peritonäum in der Umgegend des Coecum mit Fäcal - Obstruction des Colon. In: Gesammelte Beiträge zur Pathologie und Physiologie. Berlin: Verlag von August Hirschwald; 1871. p. 55–6.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Boyce FF. The clinical picture and diagnosis of appendicitis. In: Acute appendicitis and its complications. New York: Oxford University Press; 1949. p. 113–54.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Soda K, Nemoto K, Yoshizawa S, Hibiki T, Shizuya K, Konishi F. Detection of pinpoint tenderness on the appendix under ultrasonography is useful to confirm acute appendicitis. Arch Surg. 2001;136:1136–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Andersson REB. Meta-analysis of the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of appendicitis. Br J Surg. 2004;91:28–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Levertin A. Svenskt porträttgalleri XIII. Läkarekåren ed. Stockholm: H.W. Tullbergs; 1889.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hofberg H. Svenskt Biografiskt Handlexikon: Alfabetiskt Ordnade Lefnadsteckningar. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag; 1906.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Perman ES. Om indikationerna för operation vid appendicit samt redogörelse for å Sabbatsbergs sjukhus opererade fall. Hygiea. 1904;66:797–847.

    Google Scholar 

  24. [No author]. Moritz Blumberg. Br Med J. 1955;2:440–1.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Blumberg JM. Ein neues diagnostisches Symptom bei Appendicitis. Münch med Wochenschr. 1907;54:1177–8.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kasatkin VM. Vydaiushchiĭsia deiatel’ zemskoĭ meditsiny D.S. Shchetkin [A prominent man in Zemstvo medicine, D.S. Shchetkin]. Klin Med (Mosk). 1987;65:126–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kasatkin VM. O peritoneal’nom simptome Shchetkina-Bliumberga [The Shchetkin-Blumberg peritoneal symptom]. Feldsher Akush. 1989;54:51–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Yudin AC. Achievements in surgery. Inform Bull Embassy Union Soviet Socialist Republic. 1945;5:8.

    Google Scholar 

  29. [No author]. 1939–1945 World War. Information Bulletin. The Embassy. 1946;5:66–131.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Golledge J, Toms AP, Franklin IJ, Scriven MW, Galland RB. Assessment of peritonism in appendicitis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1996;78:11–4.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. McGee SR. Abdominal pain and tenderness. In: Evidence-based physical diagnosis. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2007. p. 572–87.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Rechcigl M. Henry Illoway. (1847–1932). In: American men and women in medicine, applied sciences and engineering with roots in Czechoslovakia practitioners—educators—specialists—researchers. Bloomington: AuthorHouse; 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Collective. Henry Illoway. In: Distinguished Successful Americans of our Day. Chicago: Successful Americans; 1911. p. 304.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Landman I. Illoway, Henry. In: The universal Jewish encyclopedia: an authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times, vol. 5. New York: Universal Jewish Encyclopedia; 1939. p. 539.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Collective. Illoway, Henry. The National Cyclopedia of American biography, vol. 16. New York: James T. White; 1918. p. 417.

    Google Scholar 

  36. [No author]. Death of fellows of the academy. Bull NY Acad Med. 1932;8:105.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Mauthe G, Doppelhofer M, Blumesberger S. Illoway, Henry. In: Doppelhofer SBM, Mauthe G, editors. Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft: 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert, vol. 1. Wien: K.G. Saur; 2011. p. 587.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Illoway H. A pathognomonic symptom (or sign) of appendicitis not hitherto described. Arch Diagn. 1908;1:250–4.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Corscaden JA. Columbia University Irving Medical Center. Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library. https://www.library-archives.cumc.columbia.edu/obit/james-corscaden. Accessed 28 Mar 2022.

  40. Eliot E, Corscaden JA. Intussusception with special reference to adults. Ann Surg. 1911;53:169–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. [No author]. Pedro Chutro. Aregentines Today. 1920;2:957–8.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Chutro P. Fracturas de la Extremidad Inferior del Húmero en los Niños. Buenos Aires: J. Peuser; 1904.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Buzzy A. Piedro Chutro, Figure o Argentine Surgery ALMA culturalmedicina. http://www.almarevista.com/revista/sin-categoria/eduardo-braun-menendez/. Accessed 22 Mar 2022.

  44. Pedro C. Committee for historical and scientific work. https://cths.fr/an/savant.php?id=3240#. Accessed 22 Mar 2022.

  45. Frédet P. Medical conditions in south American. Bull Pan Am Un. 1921;52:48–58.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ureña PH. Historia cultural y literaria dela América hispánica. 2nd ed. Madrid: Editorial Verbum; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Prat D. Profesor Pedro Chutro. Rev Cir Urug. 1937;8:114–6.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Chutro P. El Ombligo de los Appendiculares. Buenos Aires: Imprenta de Coni Hermanos; 1912.

    Google Scholar 

  49. ten Horn C. Ugentmemorialis. Universiteit Gent ten Horn, Carel 1885-1964. http://www.ugentmemorialis.be/cataolg/000005248. Accessed 11 Aug 2022.

  50. ten Horn C. Zur Diagnose der Appendicitis. Berl klin Wochenschr. 1914;3:1537–8.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Boschung U. Otto Lanz. Histroisches Lexikon der Schweiz HLS. https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/014461/2008-09-09/. Accessed 21 Aug 2022.

  52. Van Cappellen D. In memoriam Prof. Dr Otto Lanz Ned Tjdschr Geneeskd. 1935;79:1366–8.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Lanz O. Untersuchung auf Genitalsymptome zur Unterstützung der Diagnose bei Appendizitis. Zentralbl Chir. 1914;41:1705–7.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Collective. Morris, Robert Tuttle. In: The National Cyclopedia of American Biography, vol. 1. New York: James T. White; 1893. p. 393.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Chas GH. Robert Tuttle Morris, 1857–1945. Ann Surg. 1946;123:957–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Morris RT. Appendicitis and the gynecologist. JAMA. 1917;69:2036–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Burke MRP. The dexterous hand: Zachary Cope, surgeon and author, 1881–1974. Surg News R Aust Coll Surg. 2016;17:40–2.

    Google Scholar 

  58. [No author]. Obituary: Vincent Zachary Cope, Kt, MD, MS, FRCS. Med Hist. 1975;19:307–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Cope Z. Method of diagnosis: The examination of the patient—determination of iliopsoas rigidity. In: The early diagnosis of the acute abdomen. London: Henry Frowde and Hodder & Stoughton; 1921. p. 42.

    Google Scholar 

  60. O’Reilly MV, Krauthamer MJ. Cope’s sign and reflex bradycardia in two patients with cholecystitis. Br Med J. 1971;2:146.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Cope Z. A sign of gall-bladder disease. Br Med J. 1970;3:147–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Vacca G, Battaglia A, Grossini E, Papillo B. Tachycardia and pressor responses to distention of the gallbladder in the anesthetized pig. Med Sci Res. 1994;22:697–9.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, Edgerton JR, Ellenbogen KA, Gold MR, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay. Circulation. 2019;140:e382–482.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Cope Z. Method of diagnosis: the examination of the patient—determination of iliopsoas rigidity. In: Siren W, editor. Cope’s early diagnosis of the acute abdomen. 17th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1987. p. 36.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Prabhu S. Clinical signs and syndromes in surgery. Bangalore: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher; 2011.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  66. Izbicki JR, Knoefel WT, Wilker DK, Mandelkow HK, Müller K, Siebeck M, et al. Accurate diagnosis of acute appendicitis: a retrospective and prospective analysis of 686 patients. Eur J Surg. 1992;158:227–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Berry J Jr, Malt RA. Appendicitis near its centenary. Ann Surg. 1984;200:567–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Kovalyova ON, Ashcheulova TV. Propedeutics to internal medicine, part 1: diagnostics. 2nd ed. Vinnytsia: Nova Knyha Publishers; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Augustin G. Acute abdomen during pregnancy. Cham: Springer; 2014.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  70. Butsenko VN, Antoniuk SM. Znachimost’ otdel’nykh simptomov ostrogo appenditsita [Significance of the separate symptoms in acute appendicitis]. Klin Khir. 1992;2:33–5.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Natalskyaya NY, Moseichuk KA. Remembering the great: Vasily Parmenovich Obraztsov. Tabrichesky Med Biol Bull. 2019;22:101–3.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Cope VZ. The thigh-rotation or obturator test: a new sign in some inflammatory conditions. Br J Surg. 1919;7:537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Cope VZ. Genito-urinary symptoms in acute appendicitis. Proc R Soc Med. 1921–22;15:1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Gregory A. Ueber ein neues diagnostisches Symptom bei Appendizitis. Zentralbl Chir. 1922;49:397–8.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Sattler E. Synoviale Sehnenscheidenentzündungen als Gewerbs - erkrankung an Händen und Füßen. Arch klin Chir. 1923:259–70.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Sattler E. Über die Amputationen. Ztschr Orthop Chir. 1926;47:268–75.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Sattler E. Ueber Rivanol - Behandlung. Ztschr Immunitätsforsch Exper Therap. 1925;45:81–5.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Sattler E. Die Aethernarkose Fortsch Ther. 1926;2:11–5.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Sattler E. Differential-diagnostische Möglichkeit zwischen akuter Appendicitis und Adnexitis mit Hilfe einer neuen Untersuchungsmethode. Dtsch Z Chir. 1924;187:347–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Hanaway J, Cruess R, Darragh J. McGill Medicine, 1885–1936, vol. 2. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  81. [No author]. Obituaries: Sir Henry McIlree Williamson Gray. CMAJ. 1938;39:612.

    Google Scholar 

  82. [No author]. Colonel Sir Henry Mcllree Williamson Gray. Scotland’s War Aberdeenshire’s War. http://www.scotlandswar.co.uk/gray_hmw.html. Accessed 20 Jun 2022.

  83. [No author]. Major Temp. Lieut. Col. Henry McIllree Williamson Gray, CB, CMG, MB, FRCS. JRAMC. 1919;33:115.

    Google Scholar 

  84. [No author]. Sir Henry Gray. Br Med J. 1923;1:730.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Gray SH. Physical factors in the production of appendicitis: points in diagnosis, their influence on surgical treatment. Ill Med J. 1925;48:33–8.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Przewalsky B. Diagnostik der Appendicitis chronica. Zentralb Chir. 1925;52:1078–9.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Hazelton HI. Long Island - Burroughs and counties: the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, counties of Nassau and Suffolk, Long Island, New York, 1609–1924, vol. 6. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing; 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  88. [No author]. Supreme court appellate division third department. New York: NY State; 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  89. [No author]. The Glover C. Arnold surgical prize: Irving Gray. In: New York University Catalogue. New York: University of the City of New York; 1914. p. 464.

    Google Scholar 

  90. [No author]. Irving Gray, MD. Med Clin N. 1925;9:547.

    Google Scholar 

  91. [No author]. Irving Gray, MD, Brooklyn, NY. Bull Am Heart Assoc. 1935;1:x.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Gray I. Left shoulder pain of phrenic origin: a reflex symptom in chronic appendicitis. Am J Med Sci. 1925;170:894–9.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Iliescu M. Nouvelles contributions à l’étude du signe du phrénique droit dans l’appendicite. Bull Acad Méd (Paris). 1926;96:315–7.

    Google Scholar 

  94. [No author]. Calendar of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. London: Taylor & Francis; 1899.

    Google Scholar 

  95. [No author]. Obituary: C.L. Granville Chapman. Br Med J. 1951;1:590.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Chapman CLG. The “rising test” for acute abdomen. Br Med J. 1927;2:786.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Sumner FW. An important sign in acute appendicitis. Br Med J. 1930;1:106–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. LaRoque GP. Brittain’s pathognomonic sign of gangrenous appendicitis. Am J Med Sci. 1931;182:191–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Summer JE. Prognosis in surgery of the abdomen: the acute appendix. Nebr Med J. 1932;17:473–7.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Fotheringham WT. Geneaología Familiar. https://genealogiafamiliar.net/getperson.php?personID=I95398&tree=BVCZ. Accessed 5 Sept 2022.

  101. Fotheringham WT. La Voz de la Biblioteca. https://www.facebook.com/lavozdelabiblio/photos/02-de-junio-de-1901nace-wenceslao-tejerina-fotheringhamnaci%C3%B3-el-02-de-junio-de-1/2374847309418607. Accessed 5 Sept 2022.

  102. Fotheringham WT. A propósito del valor diagnóstico de un signpo de appendicitis. Rev Méd Rosario. 1934;24:65–8.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Walters HE. In Memoria: Edward Vernon Mastin. Trans South Surg Assoc. 1958;71:332–3.

    Google Scholar 

  104. [No author]. Dr. Edward Vernon Mastin, President of the southern medical association. South Med J. 1945;38:559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Collective. Mastin, Edward Vernon. In: Dictionary of medical specialist certified by American boards. Los Angeles, CA: The University of California; 1953. p. 1691.

    Google Scholar 

  106. [No author]. Edward Vernon Mastin, MD. Bull Washington Univ St Louis. 1926;24:22.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Mastin EV. Shoulder and clavicular pain in appendicitis. Ann Surg. 1936;103:773–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Binet L. Charles Richet (1850–1935). Revue des deux Mondes. 1950;15:417–28.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Richet C. Biographical. The Nobel Prize. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1913/richet/biographical/. Accessed 20 Aug 2022.

  110. [No author]. Prof. Charles Richet. Nature. 1935;136:1017–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Richet CR. La sélection humaine. Paris: Libraire Félix Alcan; 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Richet C, Netter H. Un nouveau signe d’appendicite: la contracture des adducteurs du côté droit. Paris Méd. 1937;43:317–8.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Willner I. Obituary: Solomon Ben Asher (1894–1949). ACCP. 1949;16:508.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Ben-Asher S. The value of the cough sign in acute appendicitis. Am J Dig Dis. 1943;10:368–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. [No author]. Obituaries: Dr. George Bushar Markle, IV native of Hazleton, dies. Hazleton Standard-Speaker; 1999. p. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Markle GB. A simple test for intraperitoneal inflammation. Am J Surg. 1973;125:721–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Markle GB. Heel-drop jarring test for appendicitis. Arch Surg. 1985;120:243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Ahn S, Lee H, Choi W, Ahn R, Hong JS, Sohn CH, et al. Clinical importance of the heel drop test and a new clinical score for adult appendicitis. PloS One. 2016;11:e0164574.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. Menteş Ö, Eryilmaz M, Coşkun K, Harlak A, Özer T, Kozak O. The importance of heel drop physical examination sign in diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Eur J Surg Sci. 2010;1:77–82.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Hunt TK. University of California: In Memoriam, 1996, John Englebert Dunphy, surgery. San Francisco, University of California; 2011. http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb767nb3z6&chunk.id=div00029&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text. Accessed 28 Jun 2022.

  121. [No author]. United Press International. Dr. J. Englebert Dunphy, an internationally known surgeon. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/12/25/Dr-J-Englebert-Dunphy-an-internationally-known-surgeon-at/6739378104400/. Accessed 28 Jun 2022.

  122. Nunes GC. The legacy of J. Englebert Dunphy. Am J Surg. 1995;169:466–70.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Dunphy JE, Botsford TW. Examination of the abdomen: the appraisal of abnormal findings. In: Physical examination of the surgical patient: an introduction to clinical surgery. Philadelphia: W.N. Saunders; 1975. p. 136–46.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Irdris SA, Shalayel MH, Awad TO, Idris TA, Ali AQ, Mohammed SA. The sensitivity and specificity of the conventional symptoms and signs in making a diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Sudan J Med Sci. 2009;4:55–61.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Dixon JM, Elton RA, Rainey JB, Macleod DA. Rectal examination in patients with pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. Br Med J. 1991;302:386–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Acadèmia de Ciències Mèdiques I de La Salut de Catalunya I de Balears. Llibre Commemoratiu 1 Volum 150 èAniversari. https://institucional.academia.cat/docs/llibres-historia/llibre_150_aniversari.pdf. Accessed 5 Aug 2022.

  127. [No author]. Dr. Samuel J. Meltzer, physiologist, dies. New York Times. 1920. p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Meltzer A. Samuel James Meltzer, MD, March 22, 1851–November 7, 1920. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1987;184:370–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Brainard ER. History of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, 1909–1959. J Clin Invest. 1959;38:1784–837.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Howell WH. Biographical memoir: Samuel James Meltzer, 1851–1920. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences; 1926.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Meltzer SJ. On the contraction of the iliopsoas muscle as an aid in the diagnosis of the content of the iliac fossa. NY Med J. 1902;76:100–3.

    Google Scholar 

  132. [No author]. Obituary: James Sherren, CBE, FRCS. Br Med J. 1945;2:670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. [No author]. Sherren, James (1872–1945). Plarr’s lives of the fellows. Royal College of Surgeons of England. https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSDASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:376771/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E004588%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier. Accessed 22 Jul 2022.

  134. [No author]. Resident fellows: Sherren, James. Med-Chir T. 1904;87:xlix.

    Google Scholar 

  135. [No author]. List of members: Sherren, James. Tr Clin Soc. 1906;39:xxxix.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Sherren J. On the occurrence and significance of cutaneous hyperalgesia in appendicitis. Lancet. 1903;162:816–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Stevenson I. Sir James Mackenzie, 1853–1925. Am Heart J. 1953;46:479–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Brown GH. Sir James Mackenzie. The Royal College of Physicians. https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/sir-james-mackenzie. Accessed 10 Jun 2022.

  139. [No author]. Obituary: Sir James Mackenzie FRS. Nature. 1925;115:271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. [No author]. Sir James Mackenzie (1853–1925), beloved clinician. JAMA. 1966;196:591–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Wade EG. Sir James Mackenzie, 1853–1925, MF, FRCP, FRS. In: Elwood WJ, Tuxford AF, editors. Some Manchester doctors: a biographical collection to mark the 150th anniversary of the Manchester medical society, 1834–1984. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1984. p. 101–7.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Klingfield P, Hollman A. The sir James Mackenzie Cardiological society and the American College of Cardiology. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:808–13.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Mackenzie J. The nature of the symptoms in appendicitis. Br Med J. 1903;2:66–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Palmerini A. Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana; 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Haas C. Jean-Athanase Sicard et la Société médicale des hôpitaux de Paris. Hist Sci Méd. 1988;22:61–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Sicard JA. Le réflexe cutané abdominal au cours de la fièvre typhoïde et de l’appendicite chez l’enfant. Presse méd. 1905;13:19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Berthomier AA. Résumé les services [original handwritten resume]. Paris: French Academy of Surgery; [n.a.].

    Google Scholar 

  148. Berthomier AA. Mécanisme des fractures du coude chez les enfants, leur traitement par l’extension. Paris: V. Adrien Delahaye et Cie; 1875.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Berthomier AA. De l’examen dans le décubitus latéral gauche pour le diagnostic difficile de l’appendicite. In: Dix-neuvième Congrès de Chirurgie. Paris: Association Française de Chirurgie; 1906. p. 167–9.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Michelson FG. Zur Frage von der primären chronischen Appendizitis und ihrer differentiellen Diagnose. Russk Vrach St Peterb. 1911;31:1243–7.

    Google Scholar 

  151. [No author]. Niels Thorkild Rovsing. Br Med J. 1927;1:265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Hognason K, Swan KG. Niels Thorkild Rovsing: the surgeon behind the sign. Am Surg. 2014;80:1201–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Aagaard OC. Thorkild Rovsing. Danish Biographical Lexicon. https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Thorkild_Rovsing. Accessed 28 Jun 2022.

  154. Rovsing T. Indirektes Hervorrufen des typischen Schmerzes an McBurney’s Punkt: Ein Beitrag zur Diagnostik der Appendizitis und Typhlitis. Zentralbl Chir. 1907;34:1257–9.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Wagner JM, McKinney WP, Carpenter JL. Does this patient have appendicitis? In: Simel DL, Rennie D, editors. The rational clinical examination: evidence-based clinical diagnosis. New York: McGraw Hill; 2009. p. 53–9.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Prosenz J, Hirtler L. Rovsing sign revisited: effects of an erroneous translation on medical teaching and research. J Surg Educ. 2014;71:738–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Davey WW. Rovsing’s sign. Br Med J. 1956;2:28–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. [No author]. Dr. Ira Carleton Chase, the fifty-third president of the State Medical Association of Texas. Tex State J Med. 1920;16:35–6.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Moulton CW. Chase, Ira Carleton. In: The Doctor’s Who’s Who. New York: Saalfield Publishing; 1906. p. 51.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Paddock BB. Ira Carleton Chase AM, MD, FACS. In: History of Texas: Fort Worth and Texas Northwest Edition. Chicago: Lewis Publishing; 1922. p. 144–5.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Chase IC. A new test for the differential diagnosis of appendicitis. JAMA. 1908;50:610–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. [No author]. Obituaries: Dr. Walter Arthur Bastedo. Ann Intern Med. 1953;38:174.

    Google Scholar 

  163. [No author]. Deaths: Walter Arthur Bastedo. JAMA. 1952;150:233–4.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Matthews B. Columbia University Quarterly, vol. 6. New York: Columbia University Press; 1912.

    Google Scholar 

  165. [No author]. News items. Columbia Alumni News. 1915;7:541.

    Google Scholar 

  166. [No author]. Catalogue and General Announcement, 1907–1908: Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Columbia College; Columbia University in the City of New York, vol. 1908. New York: Columbia University. p. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  167. [No author]. New York Association for Medical Education Reorganizes. Med Rec. 1921;99:488.

    Google Scholar 

  168. [No author]. Medical news. JAMA. 1919;73:435.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Andresen AF. Dr. Walter Arthur Bastedo, 1873–1952. Gastroenterology. 1953;25:91–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Bastedo WA. Artificial dilation of stomach and colon as aids abdominal diagnosis; with a helpful sign in chronic appendicitis. Med Surg Rep St Luke’s Hosp. 1910;2:104–11.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Bischoff CW. Zur Differentialdiagnose der Appendicitis chronica. Monatsschr Geburtshilfe Gynakol. 1914;40:398–404.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Hertz AF. Bastedo’s sign: a new symptom of chronic appendicitis. Proc R Soc Med. 1913;6:185–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Marcus JR, Daniels JM. The concise dictionary of American Jewish biography. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  174. [No author]. Dr. Charles D. Aaron. In: Michigan Jewish history: early Jewish physicians in Michigan. Michigan: Jewish Historical Society of Michigan; 1962. p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  175. [No author]. C.D. Aaron dies at 91; noted doctor. Detroit, MI: Detroit Free Press; 1951. p. 32.

    Google Scholar 

  176. [No author]. The American literary yearbook: a biographical and bibliographical dictionary of living north American authors, vol. 1. Minnesota: Publisher Henning; 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Aaron CD. A sign indicative of chronic appendicitis. JAMA. 1913;60:350–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  178. [No author]. News items: The American journal of gastroenterology. NY Med J. 1911;94:1239.

    Google Scholar 

  179. [No author]. New note. Ill Med J. 1916;29:316.

    Google Scholar 

  180. ACG’s History. American College of Gastroenterology. https://gi.org/about/acgs-history/. Accessed 7 Sep 2022.

  181. The founding and the early years, 1932–1954. American College of Gastroenterology. https://s3.gi.org/members/annbook/chapter1.pdf. Accessed 7 Sep 2022.

  182. [No author]. College news notes. Ann Intern Med. 1936;9:1272–3.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Weiss S. In memoriam: Anthony Bassler, MD, FACG. Am J Gastroenterol. 1959;32:757–70.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Bassler A. Pinching the appendix in the diagnosis of chronic appendicitis. Am J Med Sci. 1913;146:204–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Bailey FW. Francis Reder, 1864–1936. Ann Surg. 1939;110:149–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  186. Goodwin EJ. Francis Reder, biographical sketch. In: A history of medicine in Missouri. St. Louis: W.L. Smith; 1905. p. 253–4.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Reder F. History presidents. St Louis Surgical Society. https://www.saintlouissurgicalsociety.org/history/presidents. Accessed 12 Jul 2022.

  188. Reder F. A sign of diagnostic value in obscure cases of chronic appendicitis elicited by rectal palpation. Int Clin. 1913;23:13–7.

    Google Scholar 

  189. [No author]. Obituary: Edmund Owen. Br Med J. 1915;2:200–3.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Owen EB (1847–1915). Plarr’s live of fellows. Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2015. https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:375057/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E002874%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier. Accessed 24 Jul 2022.

  191. Baume A. The late Mr. Edmund Owen. Lancet. 1915;186:359.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Owen E. Appendicitis: a plea for immediate operation, vol. 181. Bristol: John Wright and Sons; 1914.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Spengler O. Dr. Frederick L. Wachenheim. In: Das deutsche Element der Stadt New York; biographisches Jahrbuch der Deutsch-Amerikaner New Yorks und Umgebung. New York: Spengler; 1913. p. 271.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Collective. The Charity Organization Society of the City of New York, vol. 19-21. New York: Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis; 1902-1903. p. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Wachenheim FL. The climatic treatment of children. New York: Rebman Company; 1907.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Wachenheim FL. A contribution to the diagnosis of appendicitis in childhood. Arch Pediatr. 1916;32:197–9.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Chamberlain JL. Blaisdell, Silas Canada. In: Universities and Their Sons—New York University: its history, influence, equipment and characteristics, vol. 2. Boston: R. Herndon Company; 1903. p. 247.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Little GT. Silas Canada Blaisdell. In: Genealogical and family history of the state of Maine, vol. 4. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing; 1909. p. 2252–3.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Blaisdell SC. The turning test in appendicitis. Arch Diagn. 1916;9–10:285–6.

    Google Scholar 

  200. [No author]. James Fairchild Baldwin. In: General Catalogue of officers and students, 1857–1900. Michigan: Ellis Publishing; 1900. p. 103.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Columbus Medical College. https://library.osu.edu/site/mhcb/2011/02/21/columbus-medical-college/. Accessed 14 Aug 2022.

  202. [No author]. In memoriam: James Fairchild Baldwin, MD. Ohio Med J. 1936;32:264.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Origins of the OSU College of Medicine. https://library.osu.edu/site/mhcb/2014/01/05/origins-of-the-osu-college-of-medicine/. Accessed 14 Aug 2022.

  204. Stevenson RB. A history of the Columbus medical association: The first seventy-five years, 1869–1945. Columbus: Columbus Medical Association; 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Curtis JM, George M. James Fairchild Baldwin, MD, 1850–1936. Ohio State Archaeol Hist Q. 1947;56:374–8.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Centennials and Timeline of Medical Education in Central Ohio. The Ohio State University. University Libraries Historical Reflection: The Medical Heritage Center Blog. https://library.osu.edu/site/mhcb/category/the-ohio-state-university-college-of-medicine/ Accessed 14 Aug 2022.

  207. [No author]. Editorial articles. Columbus Med J. 1899;23:43.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Davis JDS. Value of pain, jaundice, and tumor mass in the differential diagnosis of diseases of the right upper quadrant of abdomen. Tr Am Ass Obst Gynec. 1916;29:246–57.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Killy W, Vierhaus R. Dictionary of German biography, vol. 8. München: K.G. Saur; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Moll FH, Krischel M, Rathert P, Fangerau H. Urologie und Nationalsozialismus: Paul Rosenstein, 1875–1964: zerrissene Biographie eines jüdischen Urologen. Urologe. 2011;50:1143–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Rosenstein P. Der Mesenterialdruckschmerz ein einfaches differentialdiagnostisches Merkmal der Blinddarmentzündung. Zentralbl Chir. 1920;26:644–5.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Sitkovksy P. [About one of the clinical signs in inflammation of the appendix]. Turkestansk Med Zurn. 1922;1:37.

    Google Scholar 

  213. [No author]. Professor Theodor Kocher. Br Med J. 1917;2:168–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  214. [No author]. Professor Theodor Kocher. Boston M S J. 1918;178:29–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  215. Widmer M. The passing of a great man—professor Dr. Theodore Kocher Albany M Ann; 1917. p. 471–3.

    Google Scholar 

  216. [No author]. Theodor Kocher. Separatabdruck aus der Beilage “Nekrologe” zu den Verhandlungen der Schweiz. Freiburg: Verhandlungen der Schweiz Naturf Gesellschaft; 1917.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Tröhler U. Emil Theodor Kocher (1841–1917). J R Soc Med. 2014;107:376–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  218. Karoye OF, Baribote O. Emil Theodor Kocher and surgical eponyms: a story of diligence, hard work and excellence. Yenagoa Med J. 2021;3:3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Kocher T. Biographical. Nobel Prize. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1909/kocher/biographical/. Accessed 8 Aug 2022.

  220. [No author]. Theodor Kocher (1841–1917). Nature. 1941;148:222.

    Google Scholar 

  221. [No author]. N.M. Volkovitch. JAMA. 1914;63:1146.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Sachdeva A, Futta AK. Advances in pediatrics. In: Mahaveer pediatric surgery. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical; 2012. p. 1432.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Vogel A. Die Behandlung der Appendizitis an der chirurgische Klinik der Universität Bern. Arch klin Chir. 1921;115:1–85.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Hick FK. LeRoy Hendrick Sloan, MD, 1892–1961. Med Clin N Am. 1962;46:601–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Torino JM. 1915: la scuola Giuseppe Parini è adattata a Ospedale militare della Croce Verde (prima parte). Bdtorino. http://www.bdtorino.eu/sito/stampa_immagini.php?id=28917&data=21%20Maggio%202018&pubblicazione=Articolo%20scritto%20da%20Milo%20Julini. Accessed 30 Aug 2022.

  226. Gazdić VS. A brief history of anaesthesia. Gazdić Scr Med. 2020;51:190–7.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Kappáz GT. Avaliacāo da qualidade de vida e fatores associdos à satisfacāo dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúgico da Doenca do Refluxo Gastroesofágico. Dissertacão apresentad à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo para obtencāo do título de Mestre em Ciências. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sāo Paulo; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Soresi AL. A helpful sign in the diagnosis of appendicitis. JAMA. 1924;1:1766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  229. [No author]. Obituary notices: lieutenant-colonel a.G. Tresidder CIE, MD, MS, FRCS, IMS (Retd). Br Med J. 1970;3:289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. Tresidder AG. An interesting sign in retro-cæcal appendicitis. Ind M Gaz. 1925;60:376.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  231. [No author]. Edward Meakin Livingston. In: New York University – report of officers 1920–1921, 1921–1922. New York: New York University; 1922. p. 370.

    Google Scholar 

  232. [No author]. Livingston, Edward Meakin. In: Alumni directory, 1849–1919. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin; 1921. p. 202.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Livingston EM. Family Search. Updated 2019-12-10. https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/L2SP-S8C/edward-meakin-livingston-1895-1969. Accessed 2 Feb 2022.

  234. Livingston EM. A clinical study of the abdominal cavity and peritoneum. New York: P.B. Hoeber; 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Pack GT, Livingston EM. End-results in the treatment of gastric cancer: an analytical study and statistical survey of sixty years of surgical treatment, vol. 198. New York: P.B. Hoeber; 1939. p. 263.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Pack GT, Livingston EM. Treatment of cancer and allied diseases. New York: P.B. Hoeber; 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Foote EM, Livingston EM. Principles and practice of minor surgery. 6th ed. New York: D. Appleton; 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  238. Livingston EM. The skin triangle of appendicitis: a discussion of its significance and its diagnostic value as observed in more than four hundred cases of acute appendicitis. Arch Surg. 1926;13:630–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  239. Klein W. Nonspecific adenitis: a report of one hundred and forty cases. Arch Surg. 1938;36:571–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  240. Altschüler E. Judische Pflege-geschichte. Jewish Nursing History. https://www.juedische-pflegegeschichte.de/recherche/?limiter=network&cmd=limitObject&dataId=107868945880153&sid=e0f4d9434fd61f318ac4879c511ad9ae&id=131724555879435. Accessed 14 Sep 2022.

  241. Altschüler E. A diagnostic sign for retrocaecal appendicitis. Lancet. 1938;231:891–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  242. Fisher R. Nicholas Alders. Br Med J. 1995;311:1294.

    Google Scholar 

  243. Alders N. Cavernous haemangioma of the perineum. J Obst Gyn Br Empire. 1949;56:1038–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. [No author]. Medical news: appointments. Br Med J. 1955;1:176.

    Google Scholar 

  245. [No author]. Mr. Nicholas Alders. In: Constitution and by-laws of the International College of Surgeons and the United States section. Chicago: International College of Surgeons; 1953. p. 43.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Alders N. A new sign for differentiating uterine from extrauterine complications of pregnancy and puerperium. Br Med J. 1951;2:1194–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  247. Chen CF, Tan KH, Shin FC, Chen HI. Acute appendicitis during pregnancy. J Med Sci. 1999;19:252–62.

    Google Scholar 

  248. [No author]. Williams Bryan Jr. The Post and Courier. Legacy. https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/charleston/name/williams-bryan-obituary?n=williams-bryan&pid=97086959&fhid=5564. Accessed 21 Aug 2022.

  249. Bryan WM Jr. Surgical emergencies in pregnancy and in the puerperium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1955;70:1204–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Kurtz GR, Davis RS, Sproul JD. Acute appendicitis in pregnancy and labor, a report of 41 cases. Obstet Gynecol. 1964;23:528–32.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Arapov DA. Biography. The Great Russian Encyclopedia. https://cityshin.ru/en/metal-processing/dmitrii-alekseevich-arapov-biografiya-dmitrii-alekseevich-arapov/. Accessed 14 Sep 2022.

  252. Arapov DA, Simonian KS, Kaplan BS. Paradoksy ostrogo appenditsita [Paradoxes of acute appendicitis]. Vestn Khir Grek. 1968;101:22–6.

    Google Scholar 

  253. Marek V, Záhorec R, Durdík S. Acute appendicitis: clinical anatomy of the new palpation sign. Clin Anat. 2021;34:218–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Cobb DB. Appendicitis: the two P’s and the highest mortality in the world. North Carolina Med J. 1940:472–8.

    Google Scholar 

  255. Robertson WME, Robertson HF. Diagnostic signs, reflexes and syndromes. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company; 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  256. [No author]. Daniel J. Donnelly. In: Samaritan hospital: twenty-second annual report from June 1, 1914 to June 1, 1915. Philadelphia: Temple University; 1916. p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  257. [No author]. News. N Y Med Week. 1937;16:7.

    Google Scholar 

  258. [No author]. News items: the medical Department of the Temple University of Philadelphia. N Y Med J. 1908;88:802.

    Google Scholar 

  259. [No author]. State news items. Penn Med J. 1917;20:447.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

    Steven H. Yale

  2. School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye

    Halil Tekiner

  3. College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Eileen S. Yale

  4. The Home Mag, Ponte Vedra, FL, USA

    Ryan C. Yale

Authors
  1. Steven H. Yale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Halil Tekiner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eileen S. Yale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ryan C. Yale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yale, S.H., Tekiner, H., Yale, E.S., Yale, R.C. (2023). Appendicitis: Somatic and Visceral Nerve Reflexes Signs: Mechanisms and Pathophysiologic Approach in Acute and Chronic Disease. In: Gastrointestinal Eponymic Signs. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33673-7_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33673-7_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-33672-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-33673-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation