Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Managing Tendon Pathology of the Ankle

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Evaluation and Surgical Management of the Ankle

  • 327 Accesses

Abstract

Although the stability and shape of joint surfaces allows for fluid joint motion and terrain adaptation, the tendons crossing the ankle joint are directly responsible for driving the movement that is so crucial for standing, balancing, squatting, walking, running, cutting, climbing, jumping, lunging, kicking, spinning, and dancing. While there are several groups of tendons crossing the ankle joint with unique functions and pathologic considerations, tendon disorders share many common features. Understanding normal tendon macro and microstructure and biomechanics provides basis for their disorder from overuse, injury, and disease. The most frequently encountered tendon pathologies at the ankle excluding the posterior tibialis (beyond the scope of this chapter) but including the tibialis anterior, Achilles and peroneal tendinopathies are discussed with a focus on clinical and radiographic presentations. Treatment strategies for various stages of disease, dysfunction, and injury reveal a myriad of non-surgical and operative approaches that facilitate the health care providers’ ability to maintain the lower extremity’s mobility and performance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Thorpe CT, Screen HRC. Tendon structure and composition. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;920:3–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33943-6_1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Xu Y, Murrell GAC. The basic science of tendinopathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(7):1528–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-008-0286-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Parkinson J, Samiric T, Ilic MZ, Cook J, Handley CJ. Involvement of proteoglycans in tendinopathy. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2011;11(2):86–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Grant TM, Thompson MS, Urban J, Yu J. Elastic fibres are broadly distributed in tendon and highly localized around tenocytes. J Anat. 2013;222(6):573–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12048.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Milz S, Ockert B, Putz R. Tenocytes and the extracellular matrix: a reciprocal relationship. Orthopade. 2009;38(11):1071–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-009-1490-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Riley G. Tendinopathy–from basic science to treatment. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008;4(2):82–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncprheum0700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lantto I, Heikkinen J, Flinkkila T, et al. Early functional treatment versus cast immobilization in tension after achilles rupture repair: results of a prospective randomized trial with 10 or more years of follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(9):2302–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515591267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Khan KM, Cook JL, Kannus P, Maffulli N, Bonar SF. Time to abandon the “tendinitis” myth. BMJ. 2002;324(7338):626–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7338.626.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Millar NL, Murrell GAC, McInnes IB. Inflammatory mechanisms in tendinopathy - towards translation. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017;13(2):110–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bass E. Tendinopathy: why the difference between tendinitis and tendinosis matters. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2012;5(1):14–7. https://doi.org/10.3822/ijtmb.v5i1.153.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Reb CW, Stenson JF, Daniel JN. Tibialis anterior tendon reconstruction using augmented half-thickness tendon segment transposition. Foot Ankle Spec. 2017;10(2):144–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938640016685825.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Calloway SP, Hardin DM, Crawford MD, et al. Injury surveillance in major league soccer: a 4-year comparison of injury on natural grass versus artificial turf field. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(10):2279–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519860522.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Rowson S, McNally C, Duma SM. Can footwear affect achilles tendon loading? Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(5):344–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181ed7e50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Griffin JW. Differences in elbow flexion torque measured concentrically, eccentrically, and isometrically. Phys Ther. 1987;67(8):1205–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/67.8.1205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Herzenberg JE, Lamm BM, Corwin C, Sekel J. Isolated recession of the gastrocnemius muscle: the Baumann procedure. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28(11):1154–9. https://doi.org/10.3113/FAI.2007.1154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ellington JK, McCormick J, Marion C, et al. Surgical outcome following tibialis anterior tendon repair. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(5):412–7. https://doi.org/10.3113/FAI.2010.0412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Petersen W, Stein V, Bobka T. Structure of the human tibialis anterior tendon. J Anat. 2000;197(4):617–25. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19740617.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Sammarco VJ, Sammarco GJ, Henning C, Chaim S. Surgical repair of acute and chronic tibialis anterior tendon ruptures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(2):325–32. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.G.01386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lee MH, Chung CB, Cho JH, et al. Tibialis anterior tendon and extensor retinaculum: imaging in cadavers and patients with tendon tear. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(2):161–8. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.05.0073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Chen J, Kadakia R, Akoh CC, Schweitzer KM. Management of anterior tibialis tendon ruptures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2021;29(16):691–701. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-20-00802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Tickner A, Thorng S, Martin M, Marmolejo V. Management of isolated anterior tibial tendon rupture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2019;58(2):213–20. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2018.08.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ebrahimi FV, Tofighi M, Khatibi H. Closed tibial fracture associated with laceration of tibialis anterior tendon. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2010;49(1):86. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2009.08.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Johansen JK, Jordan M, Thomas M, Walther M, Simatira AM, Waizy H. Surgical treatment of tibialis anterior tendon rupture. Foot Ankle Surg. 2021;27(5):515–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2020.06.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fraissler L, Horas K, Bölch S, Raab P, Rudert M, Walcher M. Extensor hallucis longus-transfer for tibialis anterior tendon rupture repair. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2019;31(2):143–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00064-018-0571-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Goetz J, Beckmann J, Koeck F, Grifka J, Dullien S, Heers G. Gait analysis after tibialis anterior tendon rupture repair using Z-plasty. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2013;52(5):598–601. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2013.01.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kopriva JM, Cheesborough J, Frick SL. Tendon turndown to bridge a tibialis anterior gap and restore active dorsiflexion after degloving foot injury in a child: a case report. JBJS Case Connect. 2020;10(3):e19.00445. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.CC.19.00445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Karnovsky SC, Desandis B, Papson AK, et al. Tibialis anterior reconstruction with hamstring autograft using a minimally invasive approach. Foot Ankle Int. 2018;39(5):535–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100717750883.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wu F, Nerlich M, Docheva D. Tendon injuries: basic science and new repair proposals. EFORT Open Rev. 2017;2(7):332–42. https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.2.160075.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Järvinen TAH, Kannus P, Maffulli N, Khan KM. Achilles tendon disorders: etiology and epidemiology. Foot Ankle Clin. 2005;10(2):255–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcl.2005.01.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Singh A, Calafi A, Diefenbach C, Kreulen C, Giza E. Noninsertional tendinopathy of the achilles. Foot Ankle Clin. 2017;22(4):745–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcl.2017.07.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Whitting JW, Steele JR, McGhee DE, Munro BJ. Dorsiflexion capacity affects achilles tendon loading during drop landings. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(4):706–13. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f474dd.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Chimenti RL, Cychosz CC, Hall MM, Phisitkul P. Current concepts review update: insertional achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2017;38(10):1160–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100717723127.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Nicholson CW, Berlet GC, Lee TH. Prediction of the success of nonoperative treatment of insertional Achilles tendinosis based on MRI. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28(4):472–7. https://doi.org/10.3113/FAI.2007.0472.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kim DH, Choi JH, Park CH, Park HJ, Yoon KJ, Lee YT. The diagnostic significance of ultrasonographic measurement of the achilles tendon thickness for the insertional achilles tendinopathy in patients with heel pain. J Clin Med. 2021;10(10):2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102165.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Jarin IJ, Bäcker HC, Vosseller JT. Functional outcomes of insertional achilles tendinopathy treatment: a systematic review. JBJS Rev. 2021;9:6. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.RVW.20.00110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Mansur NSB, Matsunaga FT, Carrazzone OL, et al. Shockwave therapy plus eccentric exercises versus isolated eccentric exercises for achilles insertional tendinopathy: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2021;103(14):1295–302. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.20.01826.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Pinitkwamdee S, Laohajaroensombat S, Orapin J, Woratanarat P. Effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in the treatment of chronic insertional achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2020;41(4):403–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100719898461.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Thueakthong W, de Cesar NC, Garnjanagoonchorn A, et al. Outcomes of iliac crest bone marrow aspirate injection for the treatment of recalcitrant Achilles tendinopathy. Int Orthop. 2021;45(9):2423–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-021-05112-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Csizy M, Hintermann B. Rupture of the Achilles tendon after local steroid injection. Case reports and consequences for treatment. Swiss Surg. 2001;7(4):184–9. https://doi.org/10.1024/1023-9332.7.4.184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Yontar NS, Aslan L, Can A, Öğüt T. Mid-term results of open debridement and reattachment surgery for insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a retrospective clinical study. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2020;54(6):567–71. https://doi.org/10.5152/j.aott.2020.18426.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. de Cesar NC, Chinanuvathana A, da Fonseca LF, Dein EJ, Tan EW, Schon LC. Outcomes of flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon transfer in the treatment of Achilles tendon disorders. Foot Ankle Surg. 2019;25(3):303–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2017.12.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Hunt KJ, Cohen BE, Davis WH, Anderson RB, Jones CP. Surgical treatment of insertional achilles tendinopathy with or without flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer: a prospective, randomized study. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36(9):998–1005. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100715586182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Nawoczenski DA, DiLiberto FE, Cantor MS, Tome JM, DiGiovanni BF. Ankle power and endurance outcomes following isolated gastrocnemius recession for achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37(7):766–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100716638128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Li HY, Hua YH. Achilles tendinopathy: current concepts about the basic science and clinical treatments. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:6492597. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6492597.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Chen TM, Rozen WM, Pan WR, Ashton MW, Richardson MD, Taylor GI. The arterial anatomy of the Achilles tendon: anatomical study and clinical implications. Clin Anat. 2009;22(3):377–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.20758.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Knobloch K, Kraemer R, Lichtenberg A, et al. Achilles tendon and paratendon microcirculation in midportion and insertional tendinopathy in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(1):92–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546505278705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Tillander B, Gauffin H, Lyth J, Knutsson A, Timpka T. Symptomatic achilles tendons are thicker than asymptomatic tendons on ultrasound examination in recreational long-distance runners. Sports. 2019;7(12):E245. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7120245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Jarin I, Bäcker HC, Vosseller JT. Meta-analysis of noninsertional achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2020;41(6):744–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100720914605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Rompe JD, Furia J, Maffulli N. Eccentric loading versus eccentric loading plus shock-wave treatment for midportion achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(3):463–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508326983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Krogh TP, Ellingsen T, Christensen R, Jensen P, Fredberg U. Ultrasound-guided injection therapy of achilles tendinopathy with platelet-rich plasma or saline: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(8):1990–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516647958.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Molund M, Lapinskas SR, Nilsen FA, Hvaal KH. Clinical and functional outcomes of gastrocnemius recession for chronic achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37(10):1091–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100716667445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Drakos MC, Gott M, Karnovsky SC, et al. Biomechanical analysis of suture anchor vs tenodesis screw for FHL transfer. Foot Ankle Int. 2017;38(7):797–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100717702848.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Erickson BJ, Mascarenhas R, Saltzman BM, et al. Is Operative treatment of achilles tendon ruptures superior to nonoperative treatment? A systematic review of overlapping meta-analyses. Orthop J Sports Med. 2015;3(4):2325967115579188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967115579188.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Kou J. AAOS Clinical practice guideline: acute achilles tendon rupture. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18(8):511–3. https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-201008000-00008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Dams OC, Reininga IHF, Gielen JL, van den Akker-Scheek I, Zwerver J. Imaging modalities in the diagnosis and monitoring of Achilles tendon ruptures: a systematic review. Injury. 2017;48(11):2383–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.09.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Soroceanu A, Sidhwa F, Aarabi S, Kaufman A, Glazebrook M. Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(23):2136–43. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.K.00917.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Myhrvold SB, Brouwer EF, Andresen TKM, et al. Nonoperative or surgical treatment of acute achilles’ tendon rupture. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(15):1409–20. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2108447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lantto I, Heikkinen J, Flinkkila T, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing surgical and nonsurgical treatments of acute achilles tendon ruptures. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(9):2406–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516651060.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Renninger CH, Kuhn K, Fellars T, Youngblood S, Bellamy J. Operative and nonoperative management of achilles tendon ruptures in active duty military population. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37(3):269–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100715615322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Heikkinen J, Lantto I, Flinkkila T, et al. Soleus atrophy is common after the nonsurgical treatment of acute achilles tendon ruptures: a randomized clinical trial comparing surgical and nonsurgical functional treatments. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(6):1395–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517694610.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Zhang YJ, Long X, Du JY, Wang Q, Lin XJ. Is early controlled motion and weightbearing recommended for nonoperatively treated acute achilles tendon rupture? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9(9):23259671211024604. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211024605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Glazebrook M, Rubinger D. Functional rehabilitation for nonsurgical treatment of acute achilles tendon rupture. Foot Ankle Clin. 2019;24(3):387–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcl.2019.05.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Park YH, Jeong SM, Choi GW, Kim HJ. How early must an acute Achilles tendon rupture be repaired? Injury. 2017;48(3):776–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.01.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Goren D, Ayalon M, Nyska M. Isokinetic strength and endurance after percutaneous and open surgical repair of Achilles tendon ruptures. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26(4):286–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110070502600404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Grassi A, Amendola A, Samuelsson K, et al. Minimally invasive versus open repair for acute achilles tendon rupture: meta-analysis showing reduced complications, with similar outcomes, after minimally invasive surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100(22):1969–81. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.17.01364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Rozis M, Benetos IS, Karampinas P, Polyzois V, Vlamis J, Pneumaticos SG. Outcome of percutaneous fixation of acute achilles tendon ruptures. Foot Ankle Int. 2018;39(6):689–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100718757971.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Stavenuiter XJR, Lubberts B, Prince RM, Johnson AH, DiGiovanni CW, Guss D. Postoperative complications following repair of acute achilles tendon rupture. Foot Ankle Int. 2019;40(6):679–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100719831371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Schweitzer KM, Dekker TJ, Adams SB. Chronic achilles ruptures: reconstructive options. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2018;26(21):753–63. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Mirmiran R, Squire C, Wassell D. Prevalence and role of a low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly in patients with peroneal tendon pathologic features: a potential source of tendon subluxation. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;54(5):872–5. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2015.02.012.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Sobel M, Geppert MJ, Olson EJ, Bohne WH, Arnoczky SP. The dynamics of peroneus brevis tendon splits: a proposed mechanism, technique of diagnosis, and classification of injury. Foot Ankle. 1992;13(7):413–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110079201300710.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. van Dijk PAD, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Chiodo C, DiGiovanni CW. Chronic disorders of the peroneal tendons: current concepts review of the literature. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(16):590–8. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-18-00623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bruce WD, Christofersen MR, Phillips DL. Stenosing tenosynovitis and impingement of the peroneal tendons associated with hypertrophy of the peroneal tubercle. Foot Ankle Int. 1999;20(7):464–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110079902000713.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Petersen W, Bobka T, Stein V, Tillmann B. Blood supply of the peroneal tendons: injection and immunohistochemical studies of cadaver tendons. Acta Orthop Scand. 2000;71(2):168–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/000164700317413148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. van Dijk PAD, Madirolas FX, Carrera A, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Reina F. Peroneal tendons well vascularized: results from a cadaveric study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24(4):1140–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3946-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Raikin SM, Elias I, Nazarian LN. Intrasheath subluxation of the peroneal tendons. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(5):992–9. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.G.00801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Mengiardi B, Pfirrmann CWA, Schöttle PB, et al. Magic angle effect in MR imaging of ankle tendons: influence of foot positioning on prevalence and site in asymptomatic subjects and cadaveric tendons. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(10):2197–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-006-0164-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Latt LD, Kuyumcu G, Taljanovic MS. High-resolution ultrasound and MRI imaging of peroneal tendon injuries. In: Sobel M, editor. The peroneal tendons. Cham: Springer; 2020. p. 97–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46646-6_5.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  78. Unlu MC, Kivrak A, Kayaalp ME, Birsel O, Akgun I. Peritendinous injection of platelet-rich plasma to treat tendinopathy: a retrospective review. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2017;51(6):482–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aott.2017.10.003.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Fram BR, Rogero R, Fuchs D, Shakked RJ, Raikin SM, Pedowitz DI. Clinical Outcomes and complications of peroneal tendon sheath ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection. Foot Ankle Int. 2019;40(8):888–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100719847629.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. van Dijk PA, Miller D, Calder J, et al. The ESSKA-AFAS international consensus statement on peroneal tendon pathologies. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(10):3096–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-018-4971-x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Danna NR, Brodsky JW. Diagnosis and operative treatment of peroneal tendon tears. Foot Ankle Orthopaedics. 2020;5(2):247301142091040. https://doi.org/10.1177/2473011420910407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Pellegrini MJ, Glisson RR, Matsumoto T, et al. Effectiveness of allograft reconstruction vs tenodesis for irreparable peroneus brevis tears: a cadaveric model. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37(8):803–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100716658469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Redfern D, Myerson M. The management of concomitant tears of the peroneus longus and brevis tendons. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25(10):695–707. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110070402501002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Seybold JD, Campbell JT, Jeng CL, Short KW, Myerson MS. Outcome of lateral transfer of the FHL or FDL for concomitant peroneal tendon tears. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37(6):576–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100716634762.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Steel MW, DeOrio JK. Peroneal tendon tears: return to sports after operative treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28(1):49–54. https://doi.org/10.3113/FAI.2007.0009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Demetracopoulos CA, Vineyard JC, Kiesau CD, Nunley JA. Long-term results of debridement and primary repair of peroneal tendon tears. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35(3):252–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100713514565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Geppert MJ, Sobel M, Bohne WH. Lateral ankle instability as a cause of superior peroneal retinacular laxity: an anatomic and biomechanical study of cadaveric feet. Foot Ankle. 1993;14(6):330–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110079301400604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Oden RR. Tendon injuries about the ankle resulting from skiing. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;216:63–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Bakker D, Schulte JB, Meuffels DE, Piscaer TM. Non-operative treatment of peroneal tendon dislocations: a systematic review. J Orthop. 2020;18:255–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2019.08.031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. van Dijk PAD, Gianakos AL, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Kennedy JG. Return to sports and clinical outcomes in patients treated for peroneal tendon dislocation: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24(4):1155–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3833-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Schafer KA, Adams SB, McCormick JJ. Peroneal tendonitis and tendonopathy. I: Sobel M, ed. The Peroneal Tendons: A Clinical Guide to Evaluation and Management. Springer International Publishing. 2020:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46646-6_9.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Foot and Ankle Reconstruction, Mercy Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Kevin A. Schafer, Zijun Zhang & Lew C. Schon

Authors
  1. Kevin A. Schafer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zijun Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lew C. Schon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kevin A. Schafer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Bone and Joint Disease, Hudson, FL, USA

    Dolfi Herscovici Jr.

  2. Hughston Orthopedic Trauma, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Jeffrey O. Anglen

  3. Texas Orthopaedic Associates, Dallas, TX, USA

    John S. Early

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Schafer, K.A., Zhang, Z., Schon, L.C. (2023). Managing Tendon Pathology of the Ankle. In: Herscovici Jr., D., Anglen, J.O., Early, J.S. (eds) Evaluation and Surgical Management of the Ankle. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33537-2_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33537-2_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-33536-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-33537-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation