Abstract
This chapter explores how Lao returnee graduates cope with transitions into the local labor market to attain employment opportunities and outcomes. Thirty-eight graduates who completed their studies abroad in Asia and returned to Laos were invited to participate in the current research. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to capture their employment status, education-to-work transition experiences, and career-related challenges. Findings showed that international education had a positive influence on returnees’ transitions and employment outcomes, which was facilitated by social relationships. It was also found that the employability of returnees was shaped by Laos’s economic position and relations with individuals’ host country of study abroad. However, returnees tended to experience job mismatches due to limited prior work experience, deliberate mismatch, and socio-cultural influence. These results hold implications for graduates to make their study abroad sojourn more meaningful and for relevant stakeholders to facilitate and empower returnees to apply their expertise in home contexts effectively.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arrow, K. J. (1973). Higher education as a filter. Journal of Public Economics, 2(3), 193–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(73)90013-3
Ball, R., & Chik, R. (2001). Early employment outcomes of home and foreign educated graduates – The Malaysian experience. Higher Education, 42, 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017579415737
Barriball, L., & While, A. (1994). Collecting data using a semi-structured interview: A discussion paper. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19, 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01088.x
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation? Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1802–1811. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316654870
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Busetto, L., Wick, W., & Gumbinger, C. (2020). How to use and assess qualitative research methods. Neurological Research and Practice, 14(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00059-z
Cai, Y. (2012). International graduates from Finland: Do they satisfy the needs of Finnish employers abroad? Journal of Research in International Education, 11(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F1475240911434340
Cannon, R. (2000). The outcomes of an international education for Indonesian graduates: The third place? Higher Education Research and Development, 19(3), 357–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/758484349
Collins, F. L., Ho, K. C., Ishikawa, M., & Ma, A. H. S. (2017). International student mobility and after-study lives: The portability and prospects of overseas education in Asia. Population, Space and Place, 23(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2029
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Sage.
Del Carpio, X., Ikeda, Y., & Zini, M. (2013). Lao PDR – Skills for quality jobs and development in Lao PDR: A technical assessment of the current context. World Bank Group.
Duronsoy, J., Syvilay, V., & Billany, N. (2014). Report on tracer study on graduates’ employability in Lao PDR (Strengthening Higher Education Project (Grant No. 0166-LAO)). MOES.
Evans, G. (1998). The politics of ritual and remembrance: Laos since 1975. University of Hawaii Press.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510.
Hao, J., Wen, W., & Welch, A. (2016). When sojourners return: Employment opportunities and challenges facing high-skilled Chinese returnees. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 25(1), 22–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0117196815621806
Kim, J., & Park, J. (2013). Foreign direct investment and country-specific human capital. Economic Inquiry, 51(1), 198–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2012.00478.x
Le, A. T., & LaCost, B. Y. (2017). Vietnamese graduate international student repatriates: Reverse adjustment. Journal of International Students, 7(3), 449–466. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.570295
Mayes, W. (2007). Lao scholars abroad seeking worldlines at home: Education in the West as pilgrimage from post-revolutionary Laos. South East Asia Research, 15(1), 89–118. https://doi.org/10.5367/2F000000007780420525
Ministry of Education and Sports (MOES). (2018). ESDP [Education Sector Development Plan] 2016–2020: Mid-term review report. MOES.
Ministry of Education and Sports (MOES). (2019). Statistics of Lao students studying abroad and graduates. Department of Student Affairs, MOES.
Ministry of Education and Sports (MOES). (2020). Education and sports sector development plan 2021–2025. MOES.
Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MLSW). (2019). Report study on education and skills demand in private sector 2018. Skills Development and Employment Department, MLSW.
Monk, D. (2012). Investing in higher education abroad: The experience of Chinese postgraduate students in Britain. Industry and Higher Education, 26(2), 115–126. https://doi.org/10.5367/2Fihe.2012.0089
Mulvey, B. (2020). International higher education and public diplomacy: A case study of Ugandan graduates from Chinese universities. Higher Education Policy, 33(3), 459–477. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-019-00174-w
Nowell, L., Norris, J., White, D., & Moules, N. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F1609406917733847
OECD. (2017). OECD investment policy reviews: Lao PDR. OECD Publishing.
Onphandala, P., Philavong, V., & Sengkhamkhoutlavong, B. (2020). Career decision and readiness in undergraduate students of Lao PDR. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp1-26
Ota, H., & Shimmi, Y. (2020). Recent trends in learning abroad in the context of a changing Japanese economy and higher education situation. In R. Coelen & C. Gribble (Eds.), Internationalization and employability in higher education (pp. 78–91). Routledge.
Pham, T. (2020). Reconceptualising employability of returnees: What really matters and strategic navigating approaches. Higher Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00614-2
Pham, T., & Saito, E. (2020). Career development of returnees: experienced constraints and navigating strategies of returnees in Vietnam. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(8), 1052–1064. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1647333
Pham, T., & Thompson, C. (2019, March 25). Essential resources for successful employment of international students in Australia. The HEAD Foundation. https://headfoundation.org/2019/03/25/essential-resources-for-successful-employment-of-international-students-in-australia/
Phimphanthavong, H. (2012). Economic reform and regional development of Laos. Modern Economy, 3, 179–186. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2012.32025
Rehbein, B. (2007). Globalization, culture and society in Laos. Routledge.
Reichert, N. (2017). Socialist pathways of education: The Lao in East Germany. In V. Boute & V. Pholsena (Eds.), Changing lives in Laos: Society, politics, and culture in a post-socialist state (pp. 135–161). NUS Press.
Robertson, S., Hoare, L., & Hardwood, A. (2011). Returnees, student-migrants and second chance learners: Case studies of positional and transformative outcomes of Australian international education. Compare, 41(5), 685–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2011.562369
Rosenbaum, J., Kariya, T., Settersten, R., & Maier, T. (1990). Market and network theories of the transition from high school to work: Their application to industrialized societies. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 263–299. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.16.1.263
Saito, E., & Pham, T. (2019). A comparative institutional analysis on strategies that graduates use to show they are “employable”: A critical discussion on the cases of Australia, Japan and Vietnam. Higher Education Research and Development, 38(2), 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2018.1529024
Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1–17.
Singh, J. K. N. (2020). Challenges in obtaining employment in China: Lived experiences of Australian Chinese graduates. Australian Journal of Career Development, 29(3), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F1038416220947085
Sisavath, S. (2020). Understanding employment opportunities and challenges facing Lao graduates from Chinese universities. Journal of Comparative and International Higher Education, 12(6S1), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v12i6S1.2979
Sisavath, S. (2021). Benefits of studying abroad for graduate employability: Perspectives of exchange students from Lao universities. Journal of International Students, 11(3), 547–566. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i3.2779
Spaulding, S. (1990). Educational development and reform on the Soviet periphery: Mongolian People’s Republic and Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Journal of Asian and African Affairs, 2(1), 109–124.
Spence, M. (1973). Job market signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355–374.
Srivastava, P., & Hopwood, N. (2009). A practical iterative framework for qualitative data analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F160940690900800107
Tholen, G., Brown, P., Power, S., & Allouch, A. (2013). The role of networks and connections in educational elites’ labour market entrance. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 34, 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2013.10.003
Wiers-Jenssen, J. (2008). Career impacts of student mobility: Stumbling block or stepping stone? In Å. Gornitzka & L. Langfeldt (Eds.), Borderless knowledge: Understanding the new internationalisation of research and higher education in Norway (pp. 79–101). Springer.
Wiers-Jenssen, J., & Try, S. (2005). Labour market outcomes of higher education undertaken abroad. Studies in Higher Education, 30(6), 681–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070500340028
World Bank. (2017). 2016 Lao PDR enterprise survey: Country highlights. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28475. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO
Xiong, W., & Mok, K. H. (2020). Critical reflections on Mainland China and Taiwan overseas returnees’ job searches and career development experience in the rising trend of anti-globalization. Higher Education Policy, 33, 413–436. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-020-00185-y
Zweig, D., & Han, D. (2010). “Sea turtle” or “seaweed”? The employment of overseas returnees in China. In C. Kuptsch (Ed.), The internationalization of labor markets: The social dimension of globalization (International Institute for Labour Studies) (pp. 89–104). International Labour Organization.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sisavath, S. (2023). Journey from Higher Education to Employment Among Returnee Graduates in Laos. In: Singh, J.K.N., Latiner Raby, R., Bista, K. (eds) International Student Employability. Knowledge Studies in Higher Education, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33254-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33254-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-33253-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-33254-8
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)