Abstract
Salt crystallization belongs to the main decay processes in historic masonry mortars in which lime-pozzolan binders were often used. In this paper, the resistance to salts crystallization, their accumulation, and the microstructural changes of lime mortars with five different natural pozzolans are thoroughly investigated. Natural, fine ground, thermally untreated pozzolans (chalcedonite, pumice, zeolite, spongilite, and lava) were used as a partial replacement for lime in the amount of 10%, 20%, and 40%. The salt crystallization resistance of mortars were determined using Na2SO4, NaCl, and NH4NO3 solutions. The microstructure of the mortars after the testing was monitored with a scanning electron microscope, the accumulation of anions in the mortars was determined by chemical analyses and mass increases, and the formation of new minerals was confirmed using X-ray diffraction analysis. Nitrates were most accumulated in mortars with lava, sulfates in spongilite mortars, and chlorides in mortars with chalcedonite. Both crystalline and amorphous neoplasms were observed in the microstructures of mortars, the most common being nitrocalcite, cesanite, gypsum, ettringite, and hydrocalumite. The results showed that different natural pozzolans are a bit more suited to different saline environments and it should be considered when using them.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P., Bakolas, A., Moropoulou, A.: Physico-chemical study of Cretan ancient mortars. Cem. Concr. Res. 33, 651–661 (2003)
Papayianni, I., Stefanidou, M.: Durability aspects of ancient mortars of the archaeological site of Olynthos. J. Cult. Herit. 8, 193–196 (2007)
Maria, S.: Use of natural pozzolans with lime for producing repair mortars. Environ. Earth Sci. 75(9), 1–8 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5444-5
Veiga, M.R.: Air lime mortars: What else do we need to know to apply them in conservation and rehabilitation interventions? A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 157, 132–140 (2018)
Fragata, A., Velosa, A.L., Veiga, M.R.: Salt crystallization in substitution renders for historical constructions. In: Válek, J., Groot, C., Hughes, J.J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd Historic Mortars Conference HMC 2010, pp. 983–992. RILEM Publications S.A.R.L., Paris (2010)
Fragata, A., Veiga, R., Velosa, A.: Performance of a salt-accumulating substitution lime render for salt laden historic masonry walls. Heritage 4, 3879–3891 (2021)
Lubelli, B., et al.: Towards a more effective and reliable salt crystallization test for porous building materials: state of the art. Mater. Struct. 51(2), 1–21 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1180-5
Vyšvařil, M., Krebs, M., Bayer, P.: Use of chalcedonite powder as a supplementary material in lime mortars. In: 9th REHABEND Congress, pp. 1314–1320. University of Cantabria, Santander (2022)
Žižlavský, T., Vyšvařil, M., Bayer, P.: Fine pumice as pozzolanic additive in restoration lime mortars. In: Bosiljkov, V.B., Padovnik, A., Turk, T. Štukovnik, P. (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th Historic Mortars Conference HMC 2022, pp. 464–473. University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana (2022)
Vyšvařil, M., Bayer, P.: Salt and ice crystallization resistance of lime mortars with natural lightweight aggregate. In: Serrat, C. Casas, J.R., Gibert, V. (eds.) XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components DBMC 2020. Scipedia, Barcelona (2020)
Vyšvařil, M., Krebs, M., Bayer, P.: Long-term mechanical properties and durability of lime-spongilite mortars. In: Bosiljkov, V.B., Padovnik, A., Turk, T. Štukovnik, P. (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th Historic Mortars Conference HMC 2022, pp. 444–453. University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana (2022)
Žižlavský, T., Vyšvařil, M.: Use of fine-ground lava sand as a pozzolanic additive in aerial lime-based mortars. In: 9th REHABEND Congress, pp. 1321–1326. University of Cantabria, Santander (2022)
Záleská, M., Pavlíková, M., Vyšvařil, M., Pavlík, Z.: Effect of aggregate and binder type on the functional and durability parameters of lightweight repair mortars. Sustainability 13, 11780 (2021)
Vyšvařil, M., Žižlavský, T., Bayer, P.: Salt and ice crystallization resistance of lime-zeolite mortars. AIP Conference Proceedings (2022). in press
Nogueira, R., Ferreira Pinto, A.P., Gomes, A.: Artificial ageing by salt crystallization: test protocol and salt distribution patterns in lime-based rendering mortars. J. Cult. Herit. 45, 180–192 (2020)
Fontes, T.I.M.: Argamassas de cal hidráulica natural NHL3.5 de fabrico nacional, Otimização de características com resíduo cerâmico e metacaulino. Dissertation thesis, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon (2013)
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Czech Science Foundation grant number 21-06582S “Experimental and computational analysis of salt transport, accumulation, and crystallization in non-hydrophobized rendering mortars”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Vyšvařil, M., Bayer, P., Dvořák, K. (2023). Resistance of Lime-Natural Pozzolan Mortars in Salt-Laden Environments. In: Jędrzejewska, A., Kanavaris, F., Azenha, M., Benboudjema, F., Schlicke, D. (eds) International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures. SynerCrete 2023. RILEM Bookseries, vol 43. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33211-1_63
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33211-1_63
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-33210-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-33211-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)