Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of commonly cited definitions of desistance and theoretical frameworks for understanding the cessation and reduction of offending behaviours: ontogenetic, sociogenic and agentic perspectives. The perceived relevance of these frameworks for understanding the desistance of intimate partner violence (IPV) is then discussed, referencing the ongoing criminological debates concerning the differences between acquisitive and expressive crimes, the role of gender inequity in IPV and the dyadic dimension of IPV. An overview of the role of social relationships and victims of crime in desistance processes, as described in the existing literature, is also provided and a case for the inclusion of victims-survivors of crime more generally in desistance frameworks is made with a focus on restorative justice and routine activities theory.
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Notes
- 1.
Rocque (2015) noted that Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck actually wrote about the role of maturation in desistance in the 1940s and 1950s and that the authors at this point highlighted the need for additional research to define maturation with some level of specificity and to determine its ‘components’.
- 2.
Giordano et al. (2002) suggest that this re-assessment occurs towards the end of the desistance process.
- 3.
In light of the above-cited evidence, primary prevention policy and programs have aimed to reduce the onset of IPV by addressing gender inequity at a societal level through various mechanisms (see, e.g. Australia’s National Action Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children (Department of Social Services, 2019) and Goal 5 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations, 2021).
- 4.
Although desistance theory was initially developed based on studies drawn from the experiences of property abusers, the rational choice framework is only one of many theories that have been used to explain the desistance processes undergone by some offenders. For example, desistance scholars have explicitly situated their analyses in theories that have also been used to explore IPV. This includes feminism (Barr, 2019), symbolic interactionism (Anderson & Rouse, 1988; Paternoster & Bushway, 2009) and relational sociology.
- 5.
Primitive defences include splitting, idealisation, devaluation and projective identification which could distort the individual’s view of others’ motivations and behaviours. Reality testing refers to the ability of individuals to assess situations and behaviours based on social criteria of reality; low levels may mean that someone is unable to pick up on cues that a situation is escalating and impairs their ability to diffuse conflicts. Identity diffusion refers to difficulties that an individual may experience distinguishing between their own thoughts and feelings and those of others. High levels of identity diffusion impair someone’s ability to identify causes of conflict or view the problem from someone else’s perspective, which could lead to violence (Craparo et al., 2014; Maneta et al., 2013).
- 6.
Attachment research has identified four types of attachment:
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Dismissing (compulsive self-reliance and defensive downplaying of the importance of intimate relationships, minimises needs of others)
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Fearful (afraid of intimacy, views self as unworthy of love and expects others to reject them, need for validation and closeness with others)
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Preoccupied (low self-worth and esteem, dependence on others to validate self, demanding interpersonal style)
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Secure (high self-esteem, able to maintain close bonds without losing a sense of self; Doumas et al., 2008; Péloquin et al., 2011)
Insecure attachment styles are dismissing, fearful and preoccupied.
-
- 7.
Notably, the desisting offenders interviewed in Maruna’s (2001) seminal work scoffed at the idea that moving out of the area and not seeing their old friends was crucial for desistance. A number argued that if desistance was dependent on the individual not seeing anyone from ‘the life,’ then they weren’t really committed to going straight.
- 8.
Suitability is a nebulous concept, but encompasses a range of factors that increases an individual’s perceived susceptibility to crime or attractiveness as a target, including ‘value…physical visibility, access, and the inertia of a target against illegal treatment by abusers’ (Cohen & Felson, 1979, p. 591).
- 9.
To date, RAT has been applied as a framework for predicting victimisation (and re-victimisation) for a range of crime types, including burglary (Johnson, 2008) and other property crime (Franklin et al., 2012), cybercrime (e.g. phishing) (Hutchings & Hayes, 2008), stalking (Mustaine & Tewksbury, 1999), non-spousal assault of women (Rodgers & Roberts, 1995), sexual assault (Franklin et al., 2012), homicide (Messner & Tardiff, 1985), IPV (Mannon, 1997) and animal poaching (Herbig & Warchol, 2011).
- 10.
One of the most influential practical applications of RAT has been situational crime prevention. Situational crime prevention approaches aim to ‘prevent, constrain or disrupt criminal activity’ by reducing opportunities for crime to occur (Cornish, 1994, p. 153). This can be achieved through the implementation of strategies that increase the risk or efforts and/or reduce the rewards, provocations or excuses for offending.
- 11.
Within the scholarship, there is a concern that including such goals would make RJ processes offender-centric and result in the downgrading of victim’s goals. This has been challenged somewhat by authors such as Claes and Shapland (2016) who have argued that RJ is not a ‘zero-sum equation’ where benefits for offenders result in a loss for victims (p. 303). Rather, many victims involved in RJ processes view their participation as contributing to desistance, which they view as a necessary component for inclusion in their conferences.
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Boxall, H. (2023). Desistance Theory and Its Relevance to Intimate Partner Violence. In: Reimagining Desistance from Male-Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32951-7_2
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