Abstract
Professionals are influential social actors who leverage their skills and social status to provide specialised services to the public. While sociologists have worked in recent years to highlight the roles of professionals as agents of institutional change, gaps still remain between this approach and studies of professionals who organise to address broader social problems. As a result, the involvement of professionals in social justice activism remains undertheorised in sociology. In this chapter, the authors build upon a range of studies from sociology and other related disciplines to offer a novel analytic framework that highlights two modes of professional activism: organising that leverages a professional skill set as a tool to address social problems beyond the profession and organising that aims to reform the profession. The chapter illustrates the framework with evidence from the authors’ ongoing research into the architectural profession in the United States. Finally, the authors suggest several implications of this framework for sociological research in professions, social movements, and social inequalities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott, A. (2005). Linked ecologies: States and universities as environments for professions. Sociological Theory, 23(3), 245–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2751.2005.00253.x
Amadei, B., & Wallace, W. A. (2009). “Engineering for humanitarian development.” In IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 28(4), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2009.934940
Barman, E. (2016). Caring capitalism: The meaning and measure of social value. Cambridge University Press.
Bell, J. M. (2014). The black power movement and American social work. Columbia University Press.
Bell, B., & Wakeford, K. (2008). Expanding architecture: Design as activism. Metropolis Books.
Boutcher, S. A. (2013). Lawyering for social change: Pro Bono Publico, cause lawyering, and the social movement society. Mobilization (San Diego, Calif.), 18(2), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.18.2.p8213u571518l441
Chiarello, E. (2011). Challenging professional self-regulation. Work and Occupations, 38(3), 303–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888411400700
Cornfield, D., Coley, J., Isaac, L., & Dickerson, D. (2018). Occupational activism and racial desegregation at work: Activist careers after the nonviolent Nashville civil rights movement. Research in the Sociology of Work, 32, 217–248. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0277-283320180000032014
Dunn, M. B., & Jones, C. (2010). Institutional logics and institutional pluralism: The contestation of care and science logics in medical education, 1967–2005. Administrative Science Quarterly, 55(1), 114–149. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2010.55.1.114
Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (2011). Writing ethnographic fieldnotes. 2nd ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Evetts, J. (2011). A new professionalism? Challenges and opportunities. Current Sociology, 59(4), 406–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392111402585
Eyal, G., Hart, B., Onculer, E., Oren, N., & Rossi, N. (2010). The autism matrix: The social origins of the autism epidemic. Polity Press.
Fox, R. C. (2014). Doctors without borders: Humanitarian quests, impossible dreams of Médecins Sans Frontières. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Freidson, E. (2001). Professionalism: The third logic. University of Chicago Press.
Frickel, S., & Gross, N. (2005). A general theory of scientific/intellectual movements. American Sociological Review, 70(2), 204–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240507000202
Gendron, Y., Suddaby, R., & Lam, H. (2006). An examination of the ethical commitment of professional accountants to auditor independence. Journal of Business Ethics, 64(2), 169–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-3095-7
Gobe, E., & Salaymeh, L. (2016). Tunisia's "revolutionary" lawyers: From professional autonomy to political mobilization. Law & Social Inquiry, 41(2), 311–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12154
Goldstein, M. (2010). Complementary and integrative medicine in medical education: The birth of an organized movement. In J. Banaszak-Holl, S. R. Levitsky, & M. N. Zald (Eds.), Social movements and the transformation of American health care (pp. 210–227). Oxford University Press.
Goodrick, E., & Reay, T. (2011). Constellations of institutional logics. Work and Occupations, 38(3), 372–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888411406824\
Gorman, E. (2017). The Oxford handbook of professional service firms [Review of the Oxford handbook of professional service firms]. Work and occupations, 44(2), 233–235. Sage.. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888416675483
Gorman, E. H. & Sandefur, R L. (2011). “Golden Age,” Quiescence, and Revival. Work and Occupations, 38(3), 275–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888411417565
Greenwood, R., Hinings, C. R., & Suddaby, R. (2002). Theorizing change: The role of professional associations in the transformation of institutionalized fields. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 58–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069285
Harris, J. (2017). Achieving access: Professional movements in the politics of health universalism. Cornell University Press.
Hoffman, L. M. (1989). The politics of knowledge: Activist movements in medicine and planning. State University of New York Press.
Howard-Grenville, J., Nelson, A. J., Earle, A. G., Haack, J. A., & Young, D. M. (2017). “If chemists don’t do it, who is going to?” peer-driven occupational change and the emergence of green chemistry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 62(3), 524–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839217690530
Karim, F. (Ed.). (2018). Routledge companion to architecture and social engagement. Routledge.
Katzenstein, M. F. (1990). Feminism within American institutions: Unobtrusive mobilization in the 1980s. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 16(1), 27–54. https://doi.org/10.1086/494644
Lee, M. Y. K. (2017). Beyond the ‘professional project’: The political positioning of Hong Kong lawyers. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 50, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.01.003
Leicht, K. T., & Fennell, M. L. (2001). Professional work: A sociological approach (1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
Levitsky, S. R., & Banaszak-Holl, J. (2010). Social movements and the transformation of U.S. health institutions: Introduction. In J. Banaszak-Holl, S. R. Levitsky, & M. N. Zald (Eds.), Social movements and the transformation of American health care (pp. 3–18). Oxford University Press.
Lichterman, P., & Eliasoph, N. (2014). Civic action. American Journal of Sociology, 120(3), 798–863. https://doi.org/10.1086/679189
Liu, S. (2018). Boundaries and professions: Toward a processual theory of action. Journal of Professions and Organization, 5(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpo/jox012
Liu, S., & Halliday, T. C. (2019). The ecology of activism: Professional mobilization as a spatial process. The Canadian Review of Sociology, 56(4), 452–471. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12258
Liu, S., Hsu, C.-F., & Halliday, T. C. (2019). Law as a sword, law as a shield. China. Perspectives, 2019(1 (116)), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.8798
Lizardo, O., & Strand, M. (2010). Skills, toolkits, contexts and institutions: Clarifying the relationship between different approaches to cognition in cultural sociology. Poetics (Amsterdam), 38(2), 205–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2009.11.003
Luker, K. (2008). Salsa Dancing Into the Social Sciences: Research in an Age of Info-glut. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Minow, M. (1996). Political lawyering: An introduction. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 31(2), 287.
Moore, K. (2008). Disrupting science: Social movements, American scientists, and the politics of the military, 1945–1975. Princeton University Press.
Muzio, D., Brock, D. M., & Suddaby, R. (2013). Professions and institutional change: Towards an institutionalist sociology of the professions. Journal of Management Studies, 50(5), 699–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12030
Perrucci, R. (1972). In the service of man: Radical movements in the professions. The Sociological Review, 20(1 suppl), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1972.tb03216.x
Pils, E. (2014). China’s human rights lawyers: Advocacy and resistance. Routledge.
Powell, M. (1979). Anatomy of a counter-Bar association: The Chicago Council of Lawyers. American Bar Foundation Research Journal, 4(3), 501–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1979.tb01027.x
Pugh, A. (2013). What good are interviews for thinking about culture? Demystifying interpretive analysis. American Journal of Cultural Sociology, 1(1), 42–68. https://doi.org/10.1057/ajcs.2012.4
Reisch, M., & Andrews, J. (2014). The road not taken: A history of radical social work in the United States. Routledge.
Riley, D. M. (2008). Engineering and social justice [Morgan & Claypool Publishers online document]. doi:https://doi.org/10.2200/S00117ED1V01Y200805ETS007.
Ross, R. J. S. (1976). The impact of social movements on a profession in process: Advocacy in urban planning. Sociology of Work and Occupations, 3(4), 429–454.
Saks, M. (1995). Professions and the public interest: Medical power, altruism and alternative medicine. Routledge.
Sarat, A., & Scheingold, S. A. (Eds.). (2006). Cause lawyers and social movements. Stanford University Press.
Scott, W. R. (2008). Lords of the dance: Professionals as institutional agents. Organization Studies, 29(2), 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840607088151
Seabrooke, L., & Henriksen, L. F. (2017). Professional networks in transnational governance. Cambridge University Press.
Seron, C., Silbey, S., Cech, E., & Rubineau, B. (2018). “I am not a feminist, but. …”: Hegemony of a meritocratic ideology and the limits of critique among women in engineering. Work and Occupations, 45(2), 131–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888418759774
Sommerlad, H., & Ashley, L. (2015). Diversity and inclusion in professional service firms. In L. Empson, D. Muzio, J. P. Broschak, & B. Hinings (Eds.), Oxford handbook of professional service firms. Oxford University Press.
Sutton, S. (2017). When ivory towers were black: A story about race in America’s cities and universities. Oxford University Press.
Timmermans, S. (2008). Professions and their work. Work and Occupations, 35(2), 164–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888407313032
Van Dyke, N., Soule, S. A., & Taylor, V. A. (2004). The targets of social movements: Beyond a focus on the STATE. In D. J. Myers & D. M. Cress (Eds.), Authority in contention (research in social movements, conflicts and change) (Vol. 25, pp. 27–51). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-786X(04)25002-9
Walker, E. T., & Martin, A. W. (2018). Social movement organizations. In D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, H. Kriesi, & H. J. McCammon (Eds.), Wiley-Blackwell companion to social movements (pp. 167–184). Wiley-Blackwell.
Wang, D., & Liu, S. (2020). Performing Artivism: Feminists, lawyers, and online legal mobilization in China. Law & Social Inquiry, 45(3), 678–705. https://doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2019.64
Wisnioski, M. (2012). Engineers for change: Competing visions of technology in 1960s America. MIT Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gjata, J., Rowe, M.S., Roudbari, S. (2023). Expand or Translate?: Theorising Work in Professionals’ Activism. In: Maestripieri, L., Bellini, A. (eds) Professionalism and Social Change. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31278-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31278-6_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-31277-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-31278-6
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)