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Introduction: Boundary Practice

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Directing Desire
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Abstract

This introduction defines intimacy choreography and describe its growth as a specialization from 2015 to 2020. Starting with the example of Yehuda Duenyas, an artist who served as “sex choreographer” off-Broadway at The Flea Theater in 2015, it narrates how discourse around sexuality in theater shifted dramatically since then, largely thanks to the activism of artists immediately before and after the #MeToo Movement. Drawing on interviews with intimacy choreographers, I highlight this tension as a product of intimacy choreography’s dual functions as a workplace protection and facilitator for artistic exploration. Intimacy choreography bridges intersecting norms of sexual liberalism and sex positivity, and these two influences sometimes produce unspoken contradictions in the work. Third, I ground Directing Desire theoretically in existing literature from theater studies, sexuality studies, and porn studies to argue that staging sexuality has been a form of abject labor historically marginalized in theatrical production and scholarship. Lastly, I outline the work that intimacy choreography can perform beyond consent. Intimacy choreography shifts the focus of staging sexuality from individual desire to shared choreography, a process of forming what I call a sexual commons—a shared space to negotiate the scripts that artists perform and the infrastructures sustaining intimate performance.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Nick Paumgarten, “A Sex Choreographer at Work,” The New Yorker (Oct. 5, 2015), https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/10/12/moves.

  2. 2.

    Mimi Launder, “Sex choreographer is now officially a job,” The Independent (Jan. 3, 2018), https://www.indy100.com/article/sex-choreographer-is-now-officially-a-job-acting-films-8140031.

  3. 3.

    Elisabeth Vincentelli, “Erotic new play ‘Fulfillment’ required a sex choreographer,” The New York Post (Sept. 22, 2015), https://nypost.com/2015/09/22/erotic-new-play-fulfillment-required-a-sex-choreographer/.

  4. 4.

    Chris Jones, “‘Fulfillment’: graphic sex staged and edgy issues,” The Chicago Tribune (Nov. 16, 2015), https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/ct-fulfillment-review-ent-1117-20151116-column.html.

  5. 5.

    Daniel Lee. Twitter Post. January 2, 2018. https://twitter.com/NewYorker/status/948403652384968704.

  6. 6.

    J.L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962), 6.

  7. 7.

    Paumgarten.

  8. 8.

    Paumgarten.

  9. 9.

    Ian Hacking, “Five Parables,” Philosophy in History, Cambridge University Press (1984), 122.

  10. 10.

    October Surprise, “Screaming Green: A Topography and Bourdieusian Analysis of the Model of Sexual Consent Utilized by BDSM Community Members,” M.A. Thesis, Indiana University of Pennsylvania (May 2012), 9.

  11. 11.

    Terrence McNally’s Frankie and Johnny at the Clair de Lune at the Broadhurst Theatre, Jeremy O. Harris’s Slave Play at the John Golden Theatre, Tracy Letts’s Linda Vista at Second Stage’s Helen Hayes Theatre, and Diablo Cody’s Jagged Little Pill at the Broadhurst Theatre.

  12. 12.

    Amanda Blumenthal. Personal Interview. May 4, 2021.

  13. 13.

    Breena Kerr, “How HBO is Changing Sex Scenes Forever,” Rolling Stone (Oct. 24, 2018), https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-features/the-deuce-intimacy-coordinator-hbo-sex-scenes-739087/.

  14. 14.

    Amanda Blumenthal, Alicia Rodis, David White, and Gabrille Carteris, “Standards and Protocols for the Use of Intimacy Coordinators” (Jan. 2020), https://variety.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/sag-aftra_intimacycoord_full.pdf.

  15. 15.

    ”Bridgerton Intimacy Coordinator,” Saturday Night Live (Feb. 21, 2021), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUIN04iIJrM.

  16. 16.

    At time of writing, these professional organization include Intimacy Directors and Coordinators, Theatrical Intimacy Education, the Intimacy Professionals Association, Intimacy Coordinators of Color, Heartland Intimacy, Pacific Northwest Theatrical Intimacy, and the National Society for Intimacy Professionals.

  17. 17.

    In this book, I tend to favor the term “intimacy choreography” over the medium-specific “intimacy directing” (theater) or “intimacy coordination” (film and television). In this way, I gesture toward the interconnection between theater, film, and television, as well as the choreographic work done beyond the specialized roles of intimacy director or intimacy coordinator. When I use “intimacy directing” or “intimacy coordination,” I usually mean work that is specifically within theater, film, or television’s disciplinary boundaries.

  18. 18.

    Claire Warden, Tonia Sina, and Samantha Kaufman, “Three-Day Intimacy for the Stage Workshop,” Workshop. Flying V Theater, Bethesda, MD. July 19–21, 2018.

  19. 19.

    Gayle Rubin, “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality,” in Pleasure and Danger, ed. by Carole Vance (London: Pandora, 1992), 143.

  20. 20.

    Jill Dolan, Presence and Desire: Essays on Gender, Sexuality, and Performance (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), 122.

  21. 21.

    Aimee Levitt and Christopher Piatt, “At Profiles Theatre the drama—and abuse—is real,” The Chicago Reader, June 8, 2016, https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/profiles-theatre-theater-abuse-investigation/Content?oid=22415861. Susan Carroll, Wei Huan Chen, and Molly Glentzer, “Actors describe toxic, bullying atmosphere during Alley Productions,” The Houston Chronicle, Jan. 12, 2018, https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Alley-theatre-houston-gregory-boyd-allegations-12492467.php. Jessica Bennett, “Nine Women Accuse Israel Horovitz, Playwright and Mentor, of Sexual Misconduct,” The New York Times, Nov. 30, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/theater/israel-horovitz-sexual-misconduct.html.

  22. 22.

    See, for example, Kirsten King, “Aziz Ansari Allegations Show That People Have a Lot to Learn About Consent,” Teen Vogue, Jan. 16, 2018, https://www.teenvogue.com/story/aziz-ansari-consent-op-ed; Samantha Cooney, “The Aziz Ansari Allegation Has People Talking About ‘Affirmative Consent.’ What’s That?” Time, Jan. 17, 2018, https://time.com/5104010/aziz-ansari-affirmative-consent/; and Rebecca Beitsch, “#MeToo Movement Has Lawmakers Talking About Consent,” Pew Trusts, Jan. 23, 2018, https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2018/01/23/metoo-movement-has-lawmakers-talking-about-consent.

  23. 23.

    “The Pillars for Theater,” Intimacy Directors International, accessed Jan. 14, 2020, https://a0f2ed64-0969-4c12-9638-ffdc561fb109.filesusr.com/ugd/924101_2e8c624bcf394166bc0443c1f35efe1d.pdf.

  24. 24.

    Chelsea Pace, Staging Sex (New York: Routledge, 2020), 9.

  25. 25.

    The Journal of Consent-Based Performance, edited by Chelsea Pace, Laura Rikard, and Amanda Rose Villarreal, (Spring 2022) https://www.journalcbp.com/spring22.

  26. 26.

    Estelle Freedman, Redefining Rape: Sexual Violence in the Era of Suffrage and Segregation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013), 6.

  27. 27.

    Hobbes & Linds, “intimacy directing with Raja Benz!!” Queer Retrograde podcast, Jan. 29, 2022, https://anchor.fm/queerretrograde/episodes/43-intimacy-directing-with-Raja-Benz-e1dks1q.

  28. 28.

    Hobbes & Linds.

  29. 29.

    Joy Brooke Fairfield, Tonia Sina, Laura Rikard, and Kaja Dunn. “Intimacy Choreography and Cultural Change: An Interview with Leaders in the Field.” Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism 34, no. 1 (2019): 77–85.

  30. 30.

    Blumenthal.

  31. 31.

    Blumenthal.

  32. 32.

    This dual focus in some ways reflects the dual origins of the #MeToo movement—first as an initiative founded by Tarana Burke to support survivors of color who had faced sexual violence and the second as a social media phenomenon initiated by those in Hollywood to address violence in the entertainment industry.

  33. 33.

    Joseph Fischel, Screw Consent: A Better Politics of Sexual Justice (Oakland: University of California Press, 2019), 18.

  34. 34.

    Fischel, 17.

  35. 35.

    Fischel, 20–21.

  36. 36.

    Estelle Freedman and John D’Emilio, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), xx.

  37. 37.

    Freedman and D’Emilio, 241.

  38. 38.

    The Intimacy Professionals Association’s Amanda Blumenthal, for example, served in leadership for the organization Sex Positivity Los Angeles, which organizes events centered on sex education “joyful, pleasure-center, and fully accessible” vision of sexuality. “Sex Positive LA,” accessed Dec. 2, 2021, https://www.sexpositivelosangeles.org.

  39. 39.

    Andrea Ambam, “Intimacy Directors Show Broadway a Gentle Way of Returning ft. Claire Warden,” More To Talk About podcast, Mar. 9, 2022, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/intimacy-directors-show-broadway-a-gentle-way/id1609713679?i=1000553473575.

  40. 40.

    For example, India’s Bharatanatyam dancers worked as courtesans before attempts to “uplift” the artform in the colonial and postcolonial eras. Elizabethan England associated actors with prostitutes and situated the two professions in close geographic proximity. Sex worker in Japan made early contributions to Kabuki, and the classification system for Kabuki stock characters may have even originated in advertisements of performers’ sexual services. Stine Simonsen Puri, “Dancing Through Laws: A History of Legal and Moral Regulation of Temple Dance in India,” Naveeñ Reet: Nordic Journal of Law and Social Research 6 (2015): 131-148. Joseph Lenz, “Base Trade: Theater as Prostitution,” ELH 60, no. 4 (Winter 1993): 833-855. K. Mezur, Beautiful Boys/Outlaw Bodies: Devising Kabuki-Female Likeness (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 216-218.

  41. 41.

    Dolan, 122.

  42. 42.

    Robert Schanke and Kim Marra, Passing Performances: Queer Readings of Leading Players in American Theater History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), 7.

  43. 43.

    Rebecca Schneider, The Explicit Body in Performance (New York: Routledge, 1997). José Esteban Muñoz, Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Politics of Performance (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999). Amelia Jones, Body Art: Performing the Subject (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).

  44. 44.

    In the past two decades, queer scholars including Lauren Berlant, Lee Edelman, Leo Bersani, Heather Love, and Ann Cvetkovich have urged sexuality studies researchers to explore the anti-social and traumatic aspects of eroticism. Similarly, queer of color critique from José Esteban Muñoz, Robert Eng, and Jasbir Puar have questioned the white, homosexual, cisgender subject often privileged in queer studies. Instead, queer criticism of the past decade has advanced a subjectless account of queerness that decenters “heterosexual” and “homosexual” as static identities. From sex as a liberating expression of selfhood, sexuality studies scholars have moved to an understanding of sex as intersubjective performance.

  45. 45.

    “Intimacy Practitioners South Africa,” Intimacy Professionals South Africa, accessed Jan. 23, 2023, https://www.intimacysouthafrica.org.za/. “Nordic Intimacy Coordinators,” Nordic Intimacy Coordinators, accessed Jan. 23, 2023, https://www.nordicintimacy.com/. “Intimacy for Stage and Screen,” Intimacy for Stage and Screen, accessed Jan. 23, 2023, https://www.intimacyforstageandscreen.com/.

  46. 46.

    Mini Anthikad Chhiber, “Taking Sex Seriously: Aastha Khanna, India’s First Intimacy Coordinator,” The Hindu, June 11, 2021, https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/astha-khanna-the-countrys-first-certified-intimacy-coordinator-on-creating-a-safe-space-for-actors-on-set/article34788610.ece. Neha Vyas, “About Me,” Intimacy for Actors, accessed Jan. 23, 2023, https://www.intimacyforactors.in/aboutnehavyas.

  47. 47.

    “Intimacy Coordinators,” Intimacy Professionals Association, accessed Jan. 23, 2023, https://www.intimacyprofessionalsassociation.com/team. “About Our Founder,” Intimacy Professionals Association, accessed Jan. 23, 2023, https://robin-heptagon-6ddm.squarespace.com/about-1.

  48. 48.

    The Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism 34, no. 1 (Fall 2019): 77–161.

  49. 49.

    Pace.

  50. 50.

    Jessica Steinrock, “Intimacy Direction: A New Role in Contemporary Theater Making,” PhD Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Dec. 2, 2022.

  51. 51.

    Amanda Rose Villarreal, “Unscripted Intimacies: Negotiating Consent in Gamified Performance,” PhD Dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2021.

  52. 52.

    The Journal of Consent-Based Performance (Spring 2022).

  53. 53.

    William Simon and John Gagnon, “Sexual Scripts: Permanence and Change,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 15, no. 2 (1986): 97–120.

  54. 54.

    Mireille Miller-Young, A Taste for Brown Sugar: Black Women in Pornography (Duke University Press: Durham, 2014), 12.

  55. 55.

    L.H. Stallings, Funk the Erotic: Transaesthetics and Black Sexual Cultures (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015), 16.

  56. 56.

    Giulia Palladini, The Scene of Foreplay: Theater, Labor, and Liesure, 1960s New York (Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 2017). 5.

  57. 57.

    I explore the connection between theater and sex work further in Chapter Four. The scholar Ariel Lipson noted this connection and intimacy choreography’s precursors in feminist pornography at a training I attended in Bethesda, MD in 2019. Hannah Fazio with Heartland Intimacy Design has also begun researching the relationship between intimacy chorography and sex work, and I’m excited to see where these lines of inquiry go next.

  58. 58.

    Susan Sontag, Styles of Radical Will (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1969), 46.

  59. 59.

    Pace, 2–3.

  60. 60.

    See, for example, Brian LeTraunik, A History of Stage Combat: 1969-Today (New York: Routledge, 2021).

  61. 61.

    Julia Kristeva, The Powers of Horror, transl. by Leon Samuel Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), 2.

  62. 62.

    Kristeva, 2.

  63. 63.

    Robert H. Hethmon, Strasberg at the Actors Studio (New York: Theater Communications Group, 1965), 76–77.

  64. 64.

    Kari Barclay, “Willful Actors: Valuing Resistance in American Actor Training,” Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism 34.1 (2019): 123–141.

  65. 65.

    Melissa Tyler, “Working in the Other Square Mile: Performing and Placing Sexualized Labour in Soho’s Sex Shops,” Work, Employment and Society 26, no. 6 (2012): 899–917.

  66. 66.

    Kristeva, 65.

  67. 67.

    Joanna Brewis and Stephen Linstead, Sex, Work, and Sex Work (New York: Routledge, 2000), 98.

  68. 68.

    See the work of Arlie Hochschild on flight attendants in the airline industry in The Managed Heart. Arlie Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (Oakland: University of California Press, 1979).

  69. 69.

    Kristeva, 3.

  70. 70.

    Leo Bersani, “Is the Rectum a Grave?,” in Is the Rectum a Grave and Other Essays (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2010), 25. David Halperin, What Do Gay Men Want?: An Essay on Sex, Risk, and Subjectivity (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007), 148–150.

  71. 71.

    Darieck Scott, Extravagant Abjection: Blackness, Power, and Sexuality in the African American Literary Imagination (New York: New York University Press, 2010), 10.

  72. 72.

    Karen Shimakawa, National Abjection: The Asian American Body Onstage (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002).

  73. 73.

    Shimakawa, 3

  74. 74.

    Ann James, “Intimate Reform: Making Space for Leaders of Color,” Howlround (Mar. 19, 2020), https://howlround.com/intimate-reform; Candace Frederick, “What It’s Like to Be a Black Intimacy Coordinator,” Elle (Sept. 8, 2020), https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a33850492/black-intimacy-coordinators-interview/; and Maya Herbsman, Personal Interview, May 10, 2021.

  75. 75.

    Adam Noble, Ashley K. White, and Samantha Kaufman, “Three-Day Intimacy of the Stage Intensive,” Workshop, Eastfield College, Dallas, TX, Jan. 24–26, 2020.

  76. 76.

    Noble, White, and Kaufman.

  77. 77.

    Claire Warden, Tonia Sina, and Samantha Kaufman, “Three-Day Intimacy for the Stage Workshop,” Workshop. Flying V Theater, Bethesda, MD. July 19–21, 2018. The language of the “container” comes from Stephen Wangh’s Grotowski-inspired approach to acting. Stephen Wangh, An Acrobat of the Heart (New York: Vintage, 2000), 103–105.

  78. 78.

    Warden, Sina, and Kaufman.

  79. 79.

    Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (New York: Verso, 2000), 20.

  80. 80.

    See, for example, Silvia Federici, Re-enchanting the World: Feminism and the Politics of the Commons (Oakland: PM Press, 2019). I first learned the idea of the commons from a mentor, the legal scholar Jedediah Purdy. Jedediah Purdy, For Common Things: Irony, Trust, and Commitment in America Today (New York: Vintage, 2000). I also take inspiration from queer of color critique and its appeals to the commons, including Joshua Chambers-Letson, After the Party: A Manifesto for Queer of Color Life (New York: NYU Press, 2018).

  81. 81.

    Alicia Rodis and Ita O’Brien, “Intimacy Coordination: Closed Set Protocols,” Intimacy on Set and Intimacy Directors International, 2019, https://www.intimacyonset.com/uploads/1/9/9/4/19940427/closed_set_protocols_april_2019.pdf.

  82. 82.

    Lauren Berlant, “Intimacy: A Special Issue,” in Intimacy, ed. Lauren Berlant and Michael Warner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 282.

  83. 83.

    Lynda Hart, Between the Body and Flesh: Performing Sadomasochism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 9–10.

  84. 84.

    Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. 3, translated by Ernest Untermann (New York: International Publishers, 1977), 820.

  85. 85.

    Simon and Gagnon, 97–120.

  86. 86.

    Sarah Bay-Cheng, “Intermediate Bodies: Media Theory in Theatre,” in Playing with Theory in Theatre Practice, ed. by Megan Alrutz, Julia Listengarten, and M. Van Duyn Wood (New York: Palgrave, 2012), 64.

  87. 87.

    Brewis and Linstead, 200.

  88. 88.

    Pace, 24.

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Barclay, K. (2023). Introduction: Boundary Practice. In: Directing Desire. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31222-9_1

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