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Non-equilibrium Phenomena in Two-Phase Flashing Flows of Organic Fluids

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Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar on Non-Ideal Compressible Fluid Dynamics for Propulsion and Power (NICFD 2022)

Part of the book series: ERCOFTAC Series ((ERCO,volume 29))

Abstract

Flashing flows can be found in several energy systems, but accurate and comprehensive models for the phenomenon do not exist yet. A few models have been developed for water and CO2 flashing flows, but they are not exhaustive nor directly applicable to flashing flows of organic fluids due to the substantial differences in typical operating conditions and in thermophysical and thermodynamic properties of the fluids. These properties influence the behaviour of the two-phase flow during the flashing expansion and govern the interphase transfer phenomena. In this paper we present a comparison between results from a purposely developed 1D homogeneous equilibrium model and recent experimental data on flashing flows of R134a through a converging-diverging nozzle. The comparison between the computed mass flow rates and pressure distributions with the experimental data shows that the homogeneous equilibrium model is not able to accurately reproduce flashing flows of refrigerants and indicates a significant deviation of the system from equilibrium conditions, with underestimations of the mass flow rate up to 50% with respect to the experimental values. The difference between experimental and calculated mass flow rates is used to quantify the degree of non-equilibrium of the system and to identify the sources of non-equilibrium. The results suggest that the finite vaporization rates and the subsequent evolution of the liquid phase through metastable conditions are the primary sources of non-equilibrium in flashing flows of refrigerants and therefore, models that can relax the equilibrium assumption are needed to accurately predict the behaviour of these flows.

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Abbreviations

A:

Area, m2

c:

Speed of sound, m/s

C:

Friction factor, -

D:

Diameter, m

G:

Mass flux, kg/(s·m2)

h:

Specific enthalpy, J/kg

ṁ:

Mass flow rate, kg/s

p:

Static pressure, Pa

s:

Specific entropy, J/(kg·K)

v:

Velocity, m/s

x:

Quality, -

z:

Position along nozzle axis, m

α:

Void fraction, -

β:

Pressure ratio, -

Δ:

Difference, -

δ:

Choking margin, -

∂:

Partial derivative, -

Ф:

Two-phase friction multiplier, -

μ:

Dynamic viscosity, Pa·s

ρ:

Density, kg/m3

ϑ:

Nozzle opening angle, rad

τ:

Shear stress, Pa

Ψ:

Thermodynamic property, J/kg, J/(kg·K) or m3/kg

Re:

Reynolds number

Ma:

Mach number

w:

Wall

in:

Inlet property

out:

Outlet property

0:

Stagnation property

min:

Minimum or corresponding to minimum

L:

Liquid

V:

Vapour

z:

At position z along nozzle axis

s:

At constant pressure

LM:

Lockhart-Martinelli

h:

Hydraulic

f:

Friction

References

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

    Carlotta Tammone & Fredrik Haglind

  2. Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

    Alessandro Romei & Giacomo Persico

Authors
  1. Carlotta Tammone
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  2. Alessandro Romei
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  3. Giacomo Persico
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  4. Fredrik Haglind
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlotta Tammone .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

    Martin White

  2. School of Science & Technology, City, University of London, London, UK

    Tala El Samad

  3. School of Science & Technology, City, University of London, London, UK

    Ioannis Karathanassis

  4. School of Science & Technology, City, University of London, London, UK

    Abdulnaser Sayma

  5. Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands

    Matteo Pini

  6. Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

    Alberto Guardone

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Tammone, C., Romei, A., Persico, G., Haglind, F. (2023). Non-equilibrium Phenomena in Two-Phase Flashing Flows of Organic Fluids. In: White, M., El Samad, T., Karathanassis, I., Sayma, A., Pini, M., Guardone, A. (eds) Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar on Non-Ideal Compressible Fluid Dynamics for Propulsion and Power. NICFD 2022. ERCOFTAC Series, vol 29. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30936-6_14

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30936-6_14

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-30935-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-30936-6

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

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