Hypothesis Testing and p-Values

Abstract

This chapter begins with an explanation of hypothesis testing followed by a description of standard statistical tests that are commonly used in the literature (t-test, Chi Square test etc.). Such tests, although often mentioned, do not usually form the basis of a publication. P-values are then discussed in more detail. The choice of one-sided or two-sided tests is discussed which leads onto a section on non inferiority trials which are now commonly seen in the medical literature. How the non inferiority margin should be chosen is discussed. Two examples are discussed. The chapter finishes with a summary of non-parametric tests and the analysis of questionnaire data, typically quality of life questionnaires in the medical literature.