Skip to main content

Special Populations: Care of Persons Experiencing Homelessness

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Chronic Illness Care

Abstract

Homeless and vulnerably housed individuals include those who have an absence of stable, permanent housing and who have limited means of obtaining housing to mitigate this need. Persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) are disproportionately impacted by both communicable and non-communicable disease, serious and persistent mental illness, and trauma, which contributes to increased morbidity and mortality. Trauma-informed care is vital since individuals experiencing homelessness have a higher prevalence of adverse childhood experiences as well as ongoing experiences of trauma and toxic stress. Multicomponent interventions with coordinated care are most effective and should include both health and social services. Housing First is an established intervention that provides individuals with housing and subsequently attempts engagement in mental health and other services. A “whole community” approach to the COVID-19 pandemic has involved connecting key community partners and identifying sites and coordinating resources for PEH.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. US Department of Housing and Urban Development. Annual homelessness assessment report. Washington, DC; 2021. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2020-AHAR-Part-1.pdf.

  2. Arum C, Fraser H, Artenie AA, et al. Homelessness, unstable housing, and risk of HIV and hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(5):e309–e23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Hwang SW, Wilkins R, Tjepkema M, et al. Mortality among residents of shelters, rooming houses, and hotels in Canada: 11 year follow-up study. BMJ. 2009;339:b4036.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Thakarar K, Morgan JR, Gaeta JM, Hohl C, Drainoni ML. Homelessness, HIV, and incomplete viral suppression. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(1):145–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Winkler P, Barrett B, McCrone P, Csémy L, Janouskova M, Höschl C. Deinstitutionalised patients, homelessness and imprisonment: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208(5):421–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Maness DL, Khan M. Care of the homeless: an overview. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(8):634–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Andermann A, Bloch G, Goel R, et al. Caring for patients with lived experience of homelessness. Can Fam Physician. 2020;66(8):563–70.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Pottie K, Kendall CE, Aubry TM, et al. Clinical guideline for homeless and vulnerably housed people, and people with lived homelessness experience. CMAJ. 2020;192(10):E240–E54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Luchenski S, Maguire N, Aldridge RW, Hayward A, et al. What works in inclusion health: overview of effective interventions for marginalised and excluded populations. Lancet. 2014;391:266–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. National Health Care for the Homeless Council. Who we are. Nashville, TN; 2019. https://nhchc.org/who-we-are/.

  11. Tsai J. Lifetime and 1-year prevalence of homelessness in the US population: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. J Public Health. 2018;40(1):65–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. US Department of Housing and Urban Development. Criteria and Recordkeeping Requirements for Definition of Homelessness HUD Exchange: US Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2012. https://files.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/HomelessDefinition_RecordkeepingRequirementsandCriteria.pdf.

  13. Van den Bree MB, Shelton K, Bonner A, Moss S, Thomas H, Taylor PJ. A longitudinal population-based study of factors in adolescence predicting homelessness in young adulthood. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45(6):571–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Corliss HL, Goodenow CS, Nichols L, Austin SB. High burden of homelessness among sexual-minority adolescents: findings from a representative Massachusetts high school sample. AJPH. 2011;101(9):1683–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kelly P. Risk and protective factors contributing to homelessness among foster care youth: an analysis of the National Youth in Transition Database. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;108:104589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Tsai J, Pietrzak RH, Szymkowiak D. The problem of veteran homelessness: an update for the new decade. Am J Prev Med. 2021;60(6):774–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lee CT, Guzman D, Ponath C, Tieu L, Riley E, Kushel M. Residential patterns in older homeless adults: results of a cluster analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2016;153:131–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Greenberg GA, Rosenheck RA. Mental health correlates of past homelessness in the National Comorbidity Study Replication. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010;21(4):1234–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Nilsson SF, Nordentoft M, Hjorthøj C. Individual-level predictors for becoming homeless and exiting homelessness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urban Health. 2019;96(5):741–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Hamden A, Newton R, McCauley-Elsom K, Cross W. Is deinstitutionalization working in our community? Int J Men Hlth Nurs. 2011;20(4):274–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sawyer AM. From therapy to administration: deinstitutionalisation and the ascendancy of psychiatric ‘risk thinking’. Health Sociol Rev. 2005;14(3):283–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Winiarski DA, Rufa AK, Bounds DT, et al. Assessing and treating complex mental health needs among homeless youth in a shelter-based clinic. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Kaplan LM, Vella L, Cabral E, et al. Unmet mental health and substance use treatment needs among older homeless adults: results from the HOPE HOME Study. J Community Psychol. 2019;47(8):1893–908.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Brown DW, Anda RF, Tiemeier H, Felitti VJ, Edwards VJ, Croft JB, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of premature mortality. AJPM. 2009;37(5):289–396.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Palepu A, Gadermann A, Hubley AM, Farrell S, Gogosis E, Aubry T, et al. Substance use and access to health care and addiction treatment among homeless and vulnerably housed persons in three Canadian cities. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e75133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Bransford C, Cole M. Trauma-informed care in homelessness service settings: challenges and opportunities. In: Larkin H, Aykanian A, Streeter CL, editors. Homelessness prevention and intervention in social work: policies, programs, and practices. Switzerland: Springer; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  27. The National Center on Family Homelessness. The characteristics and needs of families experiencing homelessness. Needham, MA; 2011. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED535499.pdf.

  28. Baggett TP, Hwang SW, O’Connell JJ, Porneala BC, Stringfellow EJ, Orav EJ, et al. Mortality among homeless adults in Boston: shifts in causes of death over a 15-year period. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(3):189–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Maisto SA, Carey MP, Carey KB, Gordon CM, Gleason JR. Use of the AUDIT and the DAST-10 to identify alcohol and drug use disorders among adults with a severe and persistent mental illness. Psychol Assess. 2000;12(2):186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sarango M, Hohl C, Gonzalez N, et al. Strategies to build a patient-centered medical home for multiply diagnosed people living with HIV who are experiencing homelessness or unstable housing. Am J Public Health. 2018;108:S519–S21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Santo T, Clark B, Hickman M. Association of opioid agonist treatment with all-cause mortality and specific causes of death among people with opioid dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psych. 2021;78(9):979–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Doshani M, Weng M, Moore KL, et al. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of hepatitis A vaccine for persons experiencing homelessness. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(6):153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Noska AJ, Belperio PS, Loomis TP, et al. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus among homeless and nonhomeless United States veterans. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(2):252–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2017;392:1736–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Stanaway JD, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, et al. The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2016;388:1081–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. US Department of Health and Human Services. US Statistics. 2021. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics.

  37. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(6):493–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Beiser ME, Smith K, Ingemi M, Mulligan E, Baggett TP. Hepatitis C treatment outcomes among homeless-experienced individuals at a community health centre in Boston. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;72:129–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Wade AJ, Doyle JS, Gane E, et al. Outcomes of treatment for hepatitis C in primary care, compared to hospital-based care: a randomized, controlled trial in people who inject drugs. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(9):1900–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Moore RA, Fried MW, Wright B. Primary care providers in federally qualified health centers can treat hepatitis C effectively without ongoing consultative support from specialists. Med Care. 2021;59(8):699–703.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Mast EE, Weinbaum CM, Fiore AE, et al. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part II: immunization of adults. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55:1–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged ≥65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;19(63):822–5.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Baggett TP, Liauw SS, Hwang SW. Cardiovascular disease and homelessness. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(22):2585–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lee TC, Hanlon JG, Ben-David J, et al. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in homeless adults. Circulation. 2005;111(20):2629–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Stone B, Dowling S, Cameron A. Cognitive impairment and homelessness: a scoping review. Health Soc Care Community. 2019;27(4):e125–e42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hurstak E, Johnson JK, Tieu L, et al. Factors associated with cognitive impairment in a cohort of older homeless adults: results from the HOPE HOME study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;178:562–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Hwang SW, Colantonio A, Chiu S, et al. The effect of traumatic brain injury on the health of homeless people. CMAJ. 2008;179(8):779–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Nygaard RM, Endorf FW. Frostbite vs burns: increased cost of care and use of hospital resources. J Burn Care Res. 2018;39(5):676–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. O’Connell JJ, Petrella DA, Regan RF. Accidental hypothermia & frostbite: cold-related conditions. Boston, MA: Boston Healthcare for Homeless Program; 2004. https://www.bhchp.org/sites/default/files/BHCHPManual/pdf_files/Part2_PDF/Hypothermia.pdf.

  50. Brooks LK, Kalyanaraman N, Malek R. Diabetes care for patients experiencing homelessness: beyond metformin and sulfonylureas. Am J Med. 2019;132(4):408–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Moes J. Proper fitting shoes: reducing pain, increasing activity, and improving foot health among adults experiencing homelessness. Public Health Nurs. 2019;36(3):321–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Endorf FW, Nygaard RM. Social determinants of poor outcomes following frostbite injury: a study of the national inpatient sample. J Burn Care Res. 2021;

    Google Scholar 

  53. de la Vega PB, Losi S, Martinez LS, et al. Implementing an EHR-based screening and referral system to address social determinants of health in primary care. Med Care. 2019;57:S133–S9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Alley DE, Asomugha CN, Conway PH, al. e. Accountable health communities—addressing social needs through Medicare and Medicaid. New Engl J Med. 2016;374:8–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Montgomery AE, Byrne T, Cusack MC, et al. Patients’ perspectives on elements of stable housing and threats to housing stability. J Society Soc Work Res. 2020;11(4)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Fargo JD, Montgomery AE, Byrne TB, et al. Needles in a haystack: screening and healthcare system evidence for homelessness. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;235:574–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Byrne T, Fargo JD, Montgomery AE, et al. Screening for homelessness in the Veterans Health Administration: monitoring housing stability through repeat screening. Public Health Rep. 2015;130(6):684–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Brcic V, Eberdt C, Kaczorowski J. Development of a tool to identify poverty in a family practice setting: a pilot study. Int J Family Med. 2011;2011:812182.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Dinnen S, Kane V, Cook JM. Trauma-informed care: a paradigm shift needed for services with homeless veterans. Prof Case Mgmt. 2014;19(4):161–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Milaney K, Williams N, Lockerbie SL. Recognizing and responding to women experiencing homelessness with gendered and trauma-informed care. BMC Pub Hlth. 2020;20(1):1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Glowa PT, Olson AL, Johnson DJ. Screening for adverse childhood experiences in a family medicine setting: a feasibility study. J Am Board Fam Med. 2016;29(3):30–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Elliott DE, Bjelajac P, Fallot RD, et al. Trauma-informed or trauma-denied: principles and implementation of trauma-informed services for women. J Community Psychol. 2005;33(4):461–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Niccols A, Milligan K, Sword W, et al. Maternal mental health and integrated programs for mothers with substance abuse issues. Psychol Addict Behav. 2010;24:466–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bartlett A, Jhanji E, White S, et al. Interventions with women offenders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mental health gain. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol. 2015;26:133–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Kerrigan D, Kennedy CE, Morgan-Thomas R, et al. A community empowerment approach to the HIV response among sex workers: effectiveness, challenges, and considerations for implementation and scale-up. Lancet. 2015;385:172–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Woodhall-Melnik JR, Dunn JR. A systematic review of outcomes associated with participation in Housing First programs. Hous Stud. 2016;31:287–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Ganann R, Krishnaratne S, et al. Effectiveness of interventions to improve the health and housing status of homeless people: a rapid systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:638.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Introductory Guide to the Continuum of Care (CoC) Program Washington DC: US Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2012. https://files.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/CoCProgramIntroductoryGuide.pdf.

  69. US Department of Housing and Urban Development. Homeless management information system. Washington, DC: US Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2012. https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/hmis/.

  70. Booshehri LG, Dugan J, Patel F, et al. Trauma-informed Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): a randomized controlled trial with a two-generation impact. J Child Fam Stud. 2018;27(5):1594–604.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Fischer W, Rice D, Mazzara A. Research shows rental assistance reduces hardship and provides platform to expand opportunity for low-income families. Washington, DC; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Gubits D, Shinn M, Wood M, et al. What interventions work best for families who experience homelessness? Impact estimates from the family options study. J Policy Anal Manage. 2018;37(4):835–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Kashner TM, Rosenheck R, Campinell AB, et al. Impact of work therapy on health status among homeless, substance-dependent veterans: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psych. 2002;59(10):938–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Ferguson KM. Employment outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of two employment interventions with homeless youth. J Soc Soc Work Res. 2018;9(1):1–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Burns T, Catty J, Becker T, et al. The effectiveness of supported employment for people with severe mental illness: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:1146–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Drake RE, Bond GR, Becker DR. Individual placement and support. An evidence-based approach to supported employment. Oxford University Press; 2012.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  77. Ferguson KM. Implementing a social enterprise intervention with homeless, street-living youth in Los Angeles. Soc Work. 2007;52:103–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ash SL, Clayton PH. Generating, deepening, and documenting learning: the power of critical reflection in applied learning. J Appl Learn High Educ. 2009;1:25–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. United States Interagency Council on Homelessness. Opening doors: federal strategic plan to prevent and end homelessness. Washington, DC: United States Interagency Council on Homelessness; 2015. https://www.usich.gov/resources/uploads/asset_library/USICH_OpeningDoors_Amendment2015_FINAL.pdf.

  80. Sadowski LS, Kee RA, VanderWeele TJ, et al. Effect of a housing and case management program on emergency department visits and hospitalizations among chronically ill homeless adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009;301:1771–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Zerger S, Doblin B, Thompson L. Medical respite care for homeless people: a growing national phenomenon. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20:36–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Doran KM, Ragins KT, Gross CP, Zerger S. Medial respite programs for homeless patients: a systematic review. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2013;24:499–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Zerger S. An evaluation of the respite pilot initiative: final report Washington, DC; 2006. https://nhchc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/RespiteRpt0306-1.pdf.

  84. Kertesz SG, Pollio DE, Jones RN, et al. Development of the primary care quality-homeless (PCQ-H) instrument: a practical survey of homeless patients’ experiences in primary care. Med Care. 2014;52(8):734–42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. United States Interagency Council on Homelessness. Core elements of effective street outreach to people experiencing homelessness. Washington DC; 2019. https://www.usich.gov/resources/uploads/asset_library/Core-Components-of-Outreach-2019.pdf.

  86. Blankertz LE, Cnaan RA, White K, Fox J, Messinger K. Outreach efforts with dually diagnosed homeless persons. Fam Soc. 1990;71:387–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Zlotnick C, Zerger S, Wolfe PB. Health care for the homeless: what we have learned in the past 30 years and what’s next. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(S2):S199–205.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Slesnick N, Feng X, Guo X, Brakenhoff B, et al. A test of outreach and drop-in linkage versus shelter linkage for connecting homeless youth to services. Prev Sci. 2016;17:450–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Pederson ER, Tucker JS, Kovalchik SA. Facilitators and barriers of drop-in center use among homeless youth. J Adol Hlth. 2016;59:144–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Slesnick N, Kang MJ, Bonomi AE, Prestopnik JL. Six and twelve month outcomes among homeless youth accessing therapy and case management services through an urban drop-in center. Health Serv Res. 2008;43:211–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Tam C. Developing collaborative mental health care for homeless persons at a drop-in center. Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61:549–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Tsai J, Wilson M. COVID-19: a potential public health problem for homeless populations. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(4):e186–e7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Perri M, Dosani N, Hwang SW. COVID-19 and people experiencing homelessness: challenges and mitigation strategies. CMAJ. 2020;192(26):E716–e9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. US Department of Health and Human Services. Interim Guidance for Homeless Service Providers to Plan and Respond to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): CDC; 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/homeless-shelters/plan-prepare-respond.html.

  95. National Alliance to End Homelessness. The Framework for an Equitable COVID-19 Homelessness Response. 2021. https://endhomelessness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-Framework-4.29.2020-1.pdf.

  96. US Department of Health and Human Services. Interim Guidance for Health Departments: COVID-19 Vaccination Implementation for People Experiencing Homelessness: CDC; 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/homeless-shelters/vaccination-guidance.html.

  97. United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Homeless system response: operational healthcare partnerships. Washington, DC: United States Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2020. https://files.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/COVID-19-Homeless-System-Response-Operational-Healthcare-Partnerships.pdf.

  98. Casey R, Clark C, Smits P, Peters R. Application of implementation science for homeless interventions. Am J Public Health. 2013;103:S183–S5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Jain SH, Baackes J, O’Connell JJ. Homeless special needs plans for people experiencing homelessness. JAMA. 2020;323(10):927–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Kung A, Cheung T, Knox M. Capacity to address social needs affects primary care clinician burnout. Ann Fam Med. 2019;17(6):487–94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Timothy P. Daaleman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Moore, R., Daaleman, T.P. (2023). Special Populations: Care of Persons Experiencing Homelessness. In: Daaleman, T.P., Helton, M.R. (eds) Chronic Illness Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29171-5_32

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29171-5_32

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-29170-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-29171-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics