Abstract
Climate change has led countries to develop mitigation strategies and policies to support populations in their adaptation to its impacts. By analyzing the climate change adaptation policies it is possible to understand how human mobility is included in (or excluded from) those same policies. In the case of Morocco, for example, the National Plan Against Climate Change includes various actions that address strategic sectors. Nevertheless, in practice, most adaptation actions are limited to the water management and agriculture sectors, which are perceived to be priority sectors. Human mobility can be an adaptation strategy and/or a factor that further intensifies vulnerability to climate change. However, it is generally missing from the overall adaptation policies. Most frequently, mobility-related policies are defined in different fora that do not necessarily include climate change-related considerations and often focus on international movements, which are a minority of the overall migratory movements. This study aims to analyze how the various national and regional climate change adaptation policies address mobility as a possible adaptation strategy using Morocco as a case study.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
The term mobility (mobilité in French) is often used to describe issues related to transport, e.g. in the document New Model of Development (p. 138), it is stated “[i]n regard to mobility, the Commission recommends the confirmation of public transport as a basic public service and preferential means of transport” (authors’ translation). These references to mobility as a general term to designate transportation were not included in Table 21.2 as they are not relevant to the object of study.
References
Ait Hamza, M., El Faskaoui, B. & A. Fermin (2009) Migration and environmental change in Morocco: The case of rural oasis villages in the Middle Drâa Valley. Case Study Report: EACH-FOR - Environmental Change and Forced Migration Scenarios
Clement V, Rigaud KK, de Sherbinin A, Jones B, Adamo S, Schewe J, Sadiq N, Shabahat E (2021) Groundswell part 2: acting on internal climate migration. The World Bank, Washington, DC
ClimaSouth (2018) Implementing Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in the South Mediterranean region: perspectives on climate action from eight countries. ClimaSouth Policy Series, Paper N.4. Prepared by Andrea Rizzo & Pendo Maro. European Commission
Coulibaly, M., Ségorbah Silwé, K. & C. Logan (2018) Taking stock: Citizen priorities and assessments three years into the SDGs. Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 51
de Haas H (2011) Mediterranean migration futures: Patterns, drivers and scenarios. Global Environ Change 21(suppl 1):S59–S69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.003
De Wet CJ (ed) (2006) Development-induced displacement. Problems, policies, and people (Studies in forced migration, 18). Berghahn Books, New York
Foresight (2011) Migration and Global Environmental Change: Final Project Report. The Government Office for Science. London
Gemenne F, Blocher J (2017) How can migration serve adaptation to climate change? Challenges to fleshing out a policy ideal. Geogr J 183:336–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12205
IOM (2016) Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in Morocco. International Organisation for Migration – IOM, Geneva
IOM (2018) Mapping Human Mobility and Climate Change in Relevant National Policies and Institutional Frameworks. Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts. Task Force on Displacement – Activity I.1. International Organisation for Migration (IOM)
IPCC (2021) Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.001.
Joseph G, Wodon Q, Blankespoor B (2014) Do remittances reach households living in unfavorable climate areas? Evidence from the Republic of Yemen, MPRA Paper 56939. University Library of Munich, Germany
Lejars C, Daoudi A, Amichi H (2017) The key role of supply chain actors in groundwater irrigation development in North Africa. Hydrogeol J 25:1593–1606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1571-
Liaeter S, Durand-Delacre D (2021) Situating ‘migration as adaptation’ discourse and appraising its relevance to Senegal’s development sector. Environ Sci Policy J 126:11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.09.008
Niang I, Ruppel OC, Abdrabo MA, Essel A, Lennard C, Padgham J, Urquhart P (2014) Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. part B: regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros VR, Field CB, Dokken DJ, Mastrandrea MD, Mach KJ, Bilir TE, Chatterjee M, Ebi KL, Estrada YO, Genova RC, Girma B, Kissel ES, Levy AN, MacCracken S, Mastrandrea PR, White LL (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge & New York
Rai SC, Acharya S (2020) Anchoring loss & damage in enhanced NDCs. World Wide Fund For Nature, Gland, Switzerland
Sobczak-Szelc K (2008) Changes in the environment and migration in Southern Morocco – example of the Mhamid Oasis. Miscellanea Geographica 13:239–250. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2008-0024
Stern N (2014) The economics of climate change: the Stern review. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511817434
Taheripour F, Tyner WE, Haqiqi I, Sajedinia E (2020) Water scarcity in Morocco: analysis of key water challenges. World Bank, Washington, DC
The White House (2021) Report on the impact of climate change on migration. Washington DC
Tribak A, Paradiso M, Azagouagh K (2019) Climate refugees, housing in risk areas, and vulnerability of the built environment in the Fez Urban Area of Morocco (Case of the Medina and Outlying Districts). In: Paradiso M (eds) Mediterranean mobilities. Springer, Cham
UNDP (2018) National adaptation plan process in focus: lessons from Morocco [online]
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2018) Summary of the panel discussion on human rights, climate change, migrants and persons displaced across international borders. Human Rights Council Thirty-seventh session. A/HRC/37/35
UNFCCC (2016) Technical Meeting – Action Area 6: Migration, Displacement and Human Mobility. Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts
Verner, D. (2012) Adaptation to a changing climate in the Arab countries: a case for adaptation governance in building climate resilience. The World Bank, Washington DC
Warner K (2010) Global environmental change and migration: governance challenges. Glob Environ Chang 20(3):402–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.12.001
WIM TFD (2018) Synthesizing the state of knowledge to better understand displacement related to slow onset events. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) & Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage – Task Force on Displacement. [online]
Wodon Q, Burger N, Grant A, Joseph G, Liverani A, Tkacheva O (2013) Climate change, extreme weather events, and migration: review of the literature for five Arab countries. In: Piguet E, Laczko F (eds) People on the move in a changing climate. Global migration issues, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht
Funding
This work was carried out at the R&D Unit Centre for Functional Ecology–Science for People and the Planet (CFE), with reference UIDB/04004/2020, financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ferreira Fernandes, C.S., Alves, F., Loureiro, J. (2023). Human Mobility: The Invisible Issue in Climate Change Adaptation Policies: The Case of Morocco. In: Leal Filho, W., Kovaleva, M., Alves, F., Abubakar, I.R. (eds) Climate Change Strategies: Handling the Challenges of Adapting to a Changing Climate. Climate Change Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28728-2_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28728-2_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-28727-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-28728-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)