Abstract
Within this chapter, the most frequently performed open-approach techniques used today, either performed alone or as an adjunct to endoscopic surgery, are discussed. The chapter is divided into anatomical sites (maxillary, ethmoid and frontal sinuses) where the history, procedure and complications of each technique are described. As access to the sphenoid sinus is usually performed endoscopically, this will not be included in this chapter.
Open approaches to the paranasal sinuses were once the mainstay treatment for sinonasal disease but often resulted in mixed outcomes and unacceptable levels of morbidity and mortality. The introduction of endoscopic sinus surgery in the 1990s provided the benefits of minimally invasive techniques, superseding the need for external procedures in the majority of cases. Open approaches are now reserved for either specific cases or use in developing countries lacking endoscopic resources. They are often performed in combination with endoscopic surgery to help navigate complex frontal pathways and remove disease from hard-to-reach locations or in emergency situations where a direct external approach maybe the safer option.
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Hayes, S., Carrie, S. (2023). Open Approaches to the Paranasal Sinuses. In: Swift, A.C., Carrie, S., de Souza, C. (eds) Contemporary Rhinology: Science and Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28690-2_35
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