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Probing BERT for Ranking Abilities

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Advances in Information Retrieval (ECIR 2023)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 13981))

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Abstract

Contextual models like BERT are highly effective in numerous text-ranking tasks. However, it is still unclear as to whether contextual models understand well-established notions of relevance that are central to IR. In this paper, we use probing, a recent approach used to analyze language models, to investigate the ranking abilities of BERT-based rankers. Most of the probing literature has focussed on linguistic and knowledge-aware capabilities of models or axiomatic analysis of ranking models. In this paper, we fill an important gap in the information retrieval literature by conducting a layer-wise probing analysis using four probes based on lexical matching, semantic similarity as well as linguistic properties like coreference resolution and named entity recognition. Our experiments show an interesting trend that BERT-rankers better encode ranking abilities at intermediate layers. Based on our observations, we train a ranking model by augmenting the ranking data with the probe data to show initial yet consistent performance improvements (The code is available at https://github.com/yolomeus/probing-search/).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    https://github.com/huggingface/neuralcoref.

  2. 2.

    https://huggingface.co/bert-base-uncased.

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Acknowledgements

This research was (partially) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany under the project LeibnizKILabor with grant No. 01DD20003.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. L3S Research Center, Hannover, Germany

    Jonas Wallat, Fabian Beringer, Abhijit Anand & Avishek Anand

  2. TU Delft, Delft, Netherlands

    Avishek Anand

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Correspondence to Jonas Wallat .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Jaap Kamps

  2. Université Grenoble-Alpes, Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France

    Lorraine Goeuriot

  3. Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

    Fabio Crestani

  4. University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Maria Maistro

  5. University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Hideo Joho

  6. Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

    Brian Davis

  7. Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

    Cathal Gurrin

  8. Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

    Udo Kruschwitz

  9. Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

    Annalina Caputo

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Wallat, J., Beringer, F., Anand, A., Anand, A. (2023). Probing BERT for Ranking Abilities. In: Kamps, J., et al. Advances in Information Retrieval. ECIR 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13981. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28238-6_17

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