Abstract
The need for urgent policy action to protect the earth’s climate, natural wealth, and the welfare of society against climate extreme events is stressed in IPCC (2021, 2022a, b) reports and at climate change summits, e.g., the COP26 Glasgow conference. These reports and meetings have expressed an immediate need for more commitments and climate policy action. Even with a global temperature increase to \(1.5\,^{\circ }\textrm{C}\), and the accompanying extreme weather events, there are great perils ahead. Yet, if a further rise of temperature up to \(2\,^{\circ }\textrm{C}\), \(3\,^{\circ }\textrm{C}\), or even \(4\,^{\circ }\textrm{C}\), as compared to the pre-industrial era, is likely to occur, then an acceleration of extreme weather events is certain.
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Notes
- 1.
The IPCC website (https://www.ipcc.ch/working-group/wg1) describes how the IPCC Working Group I (WGI) focuses on research results on climate system and human activity; climate targets and carbon emissions are also assessed with further analysis of the relationship between climate and land and air quality.
- 2.
How climate disasters and weather extremes are presented in contemporary musical artwork, see Murphy (2023).
- 3.
For more details, see IPCC WGII website: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/.
- 4.
For more details, see IPCC WGIII website: https://www.ipcc.ch/working-group/wg3/.
- 5.
For more information, check the following IPCC website: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-3/.
- 6.
Information on nationally determined contributions (NDCs) by parties to the Paris Agreement are shown on the following website: https://unfccc.int/NDCREG. For example, in the NDC submitted on April 21, 2021, the United States is aiming at 50–52% lower U.S. net GHG emissions in 2030 compared to 2005 levels (see UNFCCC, 2022).
- 7.
At the Paris conference in 2015, a kind of coalition game was suggested. The idea was if one builds a coalition among big nations, the smaller ones will follow.
- 8.
- 9.
For details, see Batini et al. (2022).
- 10.
For details, see Bastos Neves and Semmler (2022).
- 11.
Here a new trend seems to arise namely that the use of industrial policies for a green economy appears to obtain more support now. For details on labor market challenges, see Kato et al. (2015).
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Nyambuu, U., Semmler, W. (2023). Concluding Remarks. In: Sustainable Macroeconomics, Climate Risks and Energy Transitions. Contributions to Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27982-9_12
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