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Oncolytic Virotherapy

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Therapeutic Approaches in Cancer Treatment

Part of the book series: Cancer Treatment and Research ((CTAR,volume 185))

Abstract

Oncolytic virotherapy opens up avenues for cancer treatment by selectively targeting the cancer cells and destructs them either through direct lysis or by inducing an immune response in the tumor microenvironment. This platform technology utilizes a diverse range naturally existing or genetically modified oncolytic viruses for their immunotherapeutic potential. Due to the limitations associated with the conventional cancer therapies, immunotherapies using oncolytic viruses (OVs) have generated a great deal of interest in the modern era. Currently, several oncolytic viruses have entered clinical trials and have proven successful for a number of different cancers as monotherapies as well as in combination with the standard treatment methods like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy. Efficacy of OVs can be further enhanced by utilizing several approaches. Efforts of the scientific community for getting better knowledge of individual patient tumor immune responses will enable medical community to treat cancer patients more precisely. In this regard, OV seems to be a part of multimodality cancer treatment option in the near future. In this chapter, the fundamental characteristics and mechanism of actions of oncolytic viruses are initially described and then overview of the important clinical trials of various oncolytic viruses for a number of cancers is presented.

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Abbreviations

CAFs:

Cancer-associated fibroblasts

cGMP-AMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate

CTLs:

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

IRF:

Interferon regulatory factor

MDA-5:

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5

MDSCs:

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

NDV:

Newcastle disease virus

OVs:

Oncolytic viruses

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

Pexa-Vec:

Pexastimogene devacirepvec

pRB:

Retinoblastoma-associated protein

Reovirus:

Respiratory enteric orphan virus

STING:

Stimulator of interferon genes

T-VEC:

Talimogene laherparepvec

TAMs:

Tumor-associated macrophages

TANs:

Tumor-associated neutrophils

TK:

Thymidine kinase

Tregs:

Regulatory T cells

VPF:

Vascular permeability factor

VSV:

Vesicular stomatitis virus

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Munazza Fatima, Deeba Amraiz & Muhammad Tariq Navid

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  1. Munazza Fatima
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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Asma Saleem Qazi

  2. Respiratory Medicine, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK

    Kanwal Tariq

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Fatima, M., Amraiz, D., Navid, M.T. (2023). Oncolytic Virotherapy. In: Qazi, A.S., Tariq, K. (eds) Therapeutic Approaches in Cancer Treatment. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 185. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27156-4_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27156-4_7

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